Monthly Archives: November 2015

Pharmacy

Pharmacies in Dallas Texas Find local including 24 HR …

Jack & Jane Hamilton Heart Hosp 621 N Hall St Dallas, TX 75226 (214)820-0600

Our Children's House At Baylor 3301 Swiss Cir Dallas, TX 75204 (214)820-9800

Baylor Specialty Hospital 3504 Swiss Ave Dallas, TX 75204 (214)820-9700

Baylor University Medical Ctr 3500 Gaston Ave Dallas, TX 75246 (214)820-0111

Baylor Institute For Rehab 909 N Washington Ave Dallas, TX 75246 (214)820-9300

Baylor Medical Center At Uptown 2727 E Lemmon Ave Dallas, TX 75204 (214)443-3000

Texas Scottish Rite Hospital 2222 Welborn St Dallas, TX 75219 (214)559-5000

Methodist Dallas Medical Center 1441 N Beckley Ave Dallas, TX 75203 (214)947-8181

Children's Medical Center 1935 Medical District Dr Dallas, TX 75235 (214)456-2000

Parkland Memorial Hospital 5201 Harry Hines Blvd Dallas, TX 75235 (214)590-8000

Lifecare Hospitals Of Dallas 1950 Record Crossing Rd Dallas, TX 75235 (214)525-6300

UT Southwestern University Hosp 5909 Harry Hines Blvd Dallas, TX 75235 (214)645-5555

UT Southwestern University Hosp 5151 Harry Hines Blvd Dallas, TX 75235 (214)645-5555

Timberlawn Mental Health 4600 Samuell Blvd Dallas, TX 75228 (214)381-7181

Texas Specialty Hospital 7955 Harry Hines Blvd Dallas, TX 75235 (214)637-0000

Dallas VA Medical Center 4500 S Lancaster Rd Dallas, TX 75216 (214)742-8387

South Hampton Community Hosp 2929 S Hampton Rd Dallas, TX 75224 (214)623-4400

Pine Creek Medical Center 9032 Harry Hines Blvd Dallas, TX 75235 (214)231-2273

Doctors Hospital At White Rock 9440 Poppy Dr Dallas, TX 75218 (214)324-6100

Kindred Hospital Whiterock 9440 Poppy Dr Fl 5 Dallas, TX 75218 (214)324-6562

Presbyterian Hospital Of Dallas 8200 Walnut Hill Ln Dallas, TX 75231 (214)345-6789

Kindred Hospital Of Dallas 9525 Greenville Ave Dallas, TX 75243 (214)355-2600

Medical City Dallas Hospital 7777 Forest Ln Dallas, TX 75230 (972)566-7000

Green Oaks Psychiatric Hospital 7808 Clodus Fields Dr Dallas, TX 75251 (972)991-9504

Methodist Charlton Hospital 3500 W Wheatland Rd Dallas, TX 75237 (214)947-7777

Baylor Medical Center Irving 1901 N Macarthur Blvd Irving, TX 75061 (972)579-8100

Dallas Medical Center 7 Medical Pkwy Dallas, TX 75234 (972)247-1000

Hickory Trail Hospital 2000 Old Hickory Trl Desoto, TX 75115 (972)298-7323

Dallas Regional Medical Center 1011 N Galloway Ave Mesquite, TX 75149 (214)320-7000

Vista Hospital Dallas 2696 W Walnut St Garland, TX 75042 (972)665-3000

Baylor Medical Center Garland 2300 Marie Curie Dr Garland, TX 75042 (972)487-5000

Las Colinas Medical Center 6800 N Macarthur Blvd Irving, TX 75039 (972)969-2000

Texas Regional Medical Center 231 S Collins Rd Sunnyvale, TX 75182 (972)892-3000

Methodist Richardson Med Center 401 W Campbell Rd Richardson, TX 75080 (972)498-4000

Baylor Reg Med Center At Plano 4700 Alliance Blvd Plano, TX 75093 (469)814-2000

The Heart Hospital Baylor Plano 1100 Allied Dr Plano, TX 75093 (469)814-3278

Medical Center Of Plano 3901 W 15th St Plano, TX 75075 (972)596-6800

Healthsouth Plano Rehab Hosp 2800 W 15th St Plano, TX 75075 (972)612-9000

Plano Specialty Hospital 1621 Coit Rd Plano, TX 75075 (972)758-5200

Seay Behavioral Health Center 6110 W Parker Rd Plano, TX 75093 (972)981-8323

Baylor Medical Center 4343 N Josey Ln Carrollton, TX 75010 (972)492-1010

Kindred Hospital-Arlington 1000 N Cooper St Arlington, TX 76011 (817)346-0094

Millwood Hospital 1011 N Cooper St Arlington, TX 76011 (817)261-3121

Texas Health Arlington Mem Hosp 800 W Randol Mill Rd Arlington, TX 76012 (817)960-6100

Texas Health Heart/Vsclr Hosp 811 Wright St Arlington, TX 76012 (817)960-3500

Select Specialty Hospital 2329 Parker Rd Carrollton, TX 75010 (469)892-1400

Texas Hlth Presbytern Hosp Plno 6200 W Parker Rd Frnt Plano, TX 75093 (972)981-8000

Lake Pointe Medical Center 6800 Scenic Dr Rowlett, TX 75088 (972)412-2273

Healthsouth Rehabilitation Hosp 3200 Matlock Rd Arlington, TX 76015 (817)468-4000

Ethicus Hospital Grapevine 4201 William D Tate Ave Grapevine, TX 76051 (817)288-1300

Medical Center Of Arlington 3301 Matlock Rd Arlington, TX 76015 (817)465-3241

Texas Health Harris Methodist 1600 Hospital Pkwy Bedford, TX 76022 (817)685-4000

Texas Health Springwood 1608 Hospital Pkwy Bedford, TX 76022 (817)355-7700

Lifecare Hospitals Of Plano 6800 Preston Rd Plano, TX 75024 (214)473-8822

USMD Hospital At Arlington 801 W Interstate 20 Arlington, TX 76017 (817)472-3400

Baylor Regional Medical Center 1650 W College St Grapevine, TX 76051 (817)481-1588

Kindred Rehabilitation Hospital 2601 W Randol Mill Rd Ste 101 Arlington, TX 76012 (817)804-4400

Presbyterian Hospital Rockwall 3150 Horizon Rd Rockwall, TX 75032 (469)698-1000

Children's Medical Ctr Legacy 7609 Preston Rd Plano, TX 75024 (469)303-7000

Methodist Mansfield Medical Ctr 2700 E Broad St Mansfield, TX 76063 (682)622-2000

Medical Center Of Lewisville 500 W Main St Frnt Lewisville, TX 75057 (972)420-1000

Baylor Medical Center At Frisco 5601 Warren Pkwy Frisco, TX 75034 (214)407-5000

Centennial Medical Center 12505 Lebanon Rd Frisco, TX 75035 (972)963-3333

Kindred Hospital-Mansfield 1802 Highway 157 N Mansfield, TX 76063 (817)473-6101

Texas Health Presbyterian Allen 1105 Central Expy N Ste 100 Allen, TX 75013 (972)747-1000

North Hills Hospital 4401 Booth Calloway Rd North Richland Hills, TX 76180 (817)255-1000

Texas Hlth Presby Hosp Flwr Mnd 4400 Long Prairie Rd Flower Mound, TX 75028 (469)322-7000

Baylor Med Cntr Trophy Club 2850 E Highway 114 Trophy Club, TX 76262 (817)837-4600

Baylor Medical Center 1405 W Jefferson St Waxahachie, TX 75165 (972)923-7000

Medical Center Of Mckinney 4500 Medical Center Dr McKinney, TX 75069 (972)547-8000

Texas Health Presbyterian Hospi 850 Ed Hall Dr Kaufman, TX 75142 (972)932-7200

John Peter Smith Hospital 1500 S Main St Fort Worth, TX 76104 (817)921-3431

Renaissance Hospital-Terrell 1551 State Highway 34 S Terrell, TX 75160 (972)563-7611

Trinity Springs Pavilion 1500 S Main St Fort Worth, TX 76104 (817)927-3636

Terrell State Hospital 1200 E Brin St Terrell, TX 75160 (972)524-6452

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Pharmacies in Dallas Texas Find local including 24 HR ...

Pharmacy

CVS pharmacy Dallas, Texas store locations

Store Address Phone Dallas # 5894 13033 Coit Road Dallas, TX 75240 972-392-9634 Details & Directions Dallas # 6824 8024 Walnut Hill Lane, Across From Dave And Busters Dallas, TX 75231 214-368-3050 Details & Directions Dallas # 6970 10666 East Northwest Highway Dallas, TX 75238 214-349-2530 Details & Directions Dallas # 7456 2427 West Jefferson Boulevard Dallas, TX 75211 214-943-2883 Details & Directions Dallas # 5844 9390 Forest Lane Dallas, TX 75243 214-341-3600 Details & Directions Dallas # 6963 7102 Campbell Road Dallas, TX 75248 972-931-7045 Details & Directions Dallas # 6965 7203 Skillman Street Dallas, TX 75231 214-349-4400 Details & Directions Dallas # 6966 6004 Samuell Boulevard Dallas, TX 75228 214-388-0411 Details & Directions Dallas # 7747 6709 Preston Road Dallas, TX 75205 214-521-4085 Details & Directions Dallas # 7647 5111 Greenville Avenue, Corner Of Lovers Lane Dallas, TX 75206 214-691-0861 Details & Directions Dallas # 7748 10003 Marsh Lane Dallas, TX 75229 214-358-4865 Details & Directions Dallas # 10056 5050 S. Lancaster Rd Dallas, TX 75216 214-375-8924 Details & Directions Dallas # 7643 6832 Snider Plaza Dallas, TX 75205 214-363-1524 Details & Directions Dallas # 6781 2323 West Illinois Avenue Dallas, TX 75224 214-337-2710 Details & Directions Dallas # 7740 10455 North Central Expressway Dallas, TX 75231 214-369-3872 Details & Directions Dallas # 7742 5659 Lemmon Avenue, Corner Of Inwood Dallas, TX 75209 214-252-0121 Details & Directions Dallas # 8391 1001 Ross Avenue Apartment 112 Dallas, TX 75202 214-880-9905 Details & Directions Dallas # 7288 11661 Preston Road, Suite, 218 Dallas, TX 75230 214-363-1571 Details & Directions Dallas # 7440 17410 Marsh Lane Dallas, TX 75287 972-306-4931 Details & Directions Dallas # 7413 10014 Garland Road Dallas, TX 75218 214-320-8690 Details & Directions Dallas # 7412 5370 West Lovers Lane, Suite 310, Corner Of Inwood In The Inwood Village Shopping Center Dallas, TX 75209 214-358-0263 Details & Directions Dallas # 5314 1411 Main Street Dallas, TX 75202 214-749-4092 Details & Directions Dallas # 6777 4207 Lemmon Avenue, Corner Of Douglas Dallas, TX 75219 214-528-0328 Details & Directions Dallas # 6776 5429 Ross Avenue Dallas, TX 75206 214-823-9995 Details & Directions Dallas # 6779 3012 Mockingbird Lane, Corner Of Central Dallas, TX 75205 214-363-5525 Details & Directions Dallas # 7739 10306 Ferguson Road Dallas, TX 75228 214-328-4391 Details & Directions Dallas # 7672 3798 Forest Lane Dallas, TX 75244 214-357-4667 Details & Directions Dallas # 10324 6420 Gaston Ave Dallas, TX 75214 469-334-0758 Details & Directions Dallas # 3900 14041 Noel Road Dallas, TX 75240 972-387-8155 Details & Directions Dallas # 7149 2899 Forest Lane Dallas, TX 75234 972-241-0175 Details & Directions Dallas # 7623 4610 Frankford Road Dallas, TX 75287 972-732-6197 Details & Directions Dallas # 4272 4202 Ross Avenue Dallas, TX 75204 214-584-2480 Details & Directions Dallas # 4985 8335 Westchester Drive Dallas, TX 75225 214-706-6916 Details & Directions Dallas # 5963 15105 Preston Road, Corner Of Beltline Road Dallas, TX 75248 972-763-1527 Details & Directions Dallas # 2979 6120 East Mockingbird Lane Dallas, TX 75214 214-887-6955 Details & Directions Dallas # 7664 1235 South Buckner Boulevard Dallas, TX 75217 214-391-2195 Details & Directions Dallas # 10351 3133 Lemmon Ave East Dallas, TX 75204 214-599-2108 Details & Directions Dallas # 296 2420 West Wheatland Road Dallas, TX 75237 972-780-1325 Details & Directions Dallas # 7430 8686 Ferguson Road Dallas, TX 75228 214-320-0892 Details & Directions

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CVS pharmacy Dallas, Texas store locations

Human Behavior

Power vs. Force: The Hidden Determinants of Human Behavior

Imaginewhat if you had access to a simple yes-or-no answer to any question you wished to ask? A demonstrably true answer. Any question . . . think about it.

from the Foreword

We think we live by forces we control, but in fact we are governed by power from unrevealed sources, power over which we have no control.

from the authors Preface

The universe holds its breath as we choose, instant by instant, which pathway to follow; for the universe, the very essence of life itself, is highly conscious. Every act, thought, and choice adds to a permanent mosaic; our decisions ripple through the universe of consciousness to affect the lives of all.

from Power vs. Force

[A] beautiful gift of writing . . . [You] spread joy, love, and compassion through what you write. The fruit of these three is peace, as you know . . .

Mother Teresa

. . . particularly timely . . . a significant contribution to understanding and dealing with the problems we face today.

Lee Iacocca

I especially appreciate [the] research and presentation on the attractor patterns of business . . .

Sam Walton

Overwhelming! A masterpiece! A lifetime work!

Sheldon Deal, President, International College of Applied Kinesiology

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Power vs. Force: The Hidden Determinants of Human Behavior

Embryology

Medical Embryology – Development of the Aortic Arches and …

This video should help students get a grasp on the ridiculously complex series of events that take place during development of the large vessels. From the small aortic arches in the pharyngeal region to the aorta, pulmonary arteries, and subclavian arteries, this video will show you step-by-step how our vasculature develops. Enjoy!

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Medical Embryology - Development of the Aortic Arches and ...

Physiology

Graduate Physiology, PHD Biomedical Sciences, Cell and …

Nov. 4 - Fall Seminar Series: Dr. Juan Song

Nov. 18 - Fall Seminar Series: Dr. Ana Maria Dragoi

Dec. 2 - Fall Seminar Series: Urska Cvek, Sc.D., M.B.A.

Dec. 16 - Fall Seminar Series: Dr. Xiuping Yu

Physiology is the study of how biological systems perform their functions to maintain the steady-state internal environment of living organisms. We can study these processes at the genetic, cellular, organ system or whole-animal level. Our departmental name reflects the increasing application of molecular biology techniques in the understanding of physiological function. Understanding the basic concepts of physiological control of organ systems in the human body is key to identifying regulatory processes during organ dysfunction and disease states which, in turn, may elucidate a novel approach in therapeutic intervention.

Faculty members of the Department of Physiology maintain active research programs covering a wide range of topics with emphasis on:

Microvascular Physiology

Inflammation

Cancer Biology

Stroke and Other Ischemic Disorders

Oxidative and Redox Signaling

Endothelial Cell Biology

Diabetes Pathophysiology

Platelets and Thrombosis

Mechanisms of DNA Damage & Repair

The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology is committed to the advancement and dissemination of knowledge in the physiological sciences through the support of basic research and the training of new biomedical scientists in its physiology graduate program. This department has a strong commitment to the continued development and expansion of interactive research programs including cell and molecular biology that are nationally and internationally competitive. The emphasis on maintaining a strong reputation in research serves to ensure a stimulating and nurturing environment for producing the next generation of well-trained and highly competitive biomedical scientists who are dedicated to obtaining a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences. Our integrative approach allows for an in-depth understanding of relevant biomedical issues of clinical importance at the molecular, cellular, organ, and whole-body levels.

Contact us to learn more about the graduate school in biomedical sciences and other opportunities related to the graduate school physiology program.

Graduate Program

We are now accepting applications for the 2016/17 academic year. If you are interested in learning more about our Physiology Ph.D. program for the 2016/17 academic year, please click the "Apply Here" button to go directly to our preliminary graduate program inquiry form.

Ph.D. Program Ojectives

Click Here to Visit LSU Health Shreveport website!

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Graduate Physiology, PHD Biomedical Sciences, Cell and ...

Genetics

MYGN: Summary for Myriad Genetics, Inc.- Yahoo! Finance

Myriad Genetics, Inc. (MYGN) -NasdaqGS Day's Range: 39.81 - 42.68 52wk Range: 30.30 - 43.24 Volume: 1,474,171 Avg Vol (3m): 931,968 Market Cap: 2.93B P/E (ttm): 39.19 EPS (ttm): 1.08 Div & Yield: N/A (N/A)

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MYGN: Summary for Myriad Genetics, Inc.- Yahoo! Finance

Biochemistry

Fermentation – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, but also in oxygen-starved muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation. Fermentation is also used more broadly to refer to the bulk growth of microorganisms on a growth medium, often with the goal of producing a specific chemical product. French microbiologist Louis Pasteur is often remembered for his insights into fermentation and its microbial causes. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.

Fermentation takes place in the lack of oxygen (when the electron transport chain is unusable) and becomes the cells primary means of ATP (energy) production.[1] It turns NADH and pyruvate produced in the glycolysis step into NAD+ and various small molecules depending on the type of fermentation (see examples below). In the presence of O2, NADH and pyruvate are used to generate ATP in respiration. This is called oxidative phosphorylation, and it generates much more ATP than glycolysis alone. For that reason, cells generally benefit from avoiding fermentation when oxygen is available, the exception being obligate anaerobes which cannot tolerate oxygen.

The first step, glycolysis, is common to all fermentation pathways:

Pyruvate is CH3COCOO. Pi is phosphate. Two ADP molecules and two Pi are converted to two ATP and two water molecules via substrate-level phosphorylation. Two molecules of NAD+ are also reduced to NADH.[2]

In oxidative phosphorylation the energy for ATP formation is derived from an electrochemical proton gradient generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane (or, in the case of bacteria, the plasma membrane) via the electron transport chain. Glycolysis has substrate-level phosphorylation (ATP generated directly at the point of reaction).

Humans have used fermentation to produce food and beverages since the Neolithic age. For example, fermentation is used for preservation in a process that produces lactic acid as found in such sour foods as pickled cucumbers, kimchi and yogurt (see fermentation in food processing), as well as for producing alcoholic beverages such as wine (see fermentation in winemaking) and beer. Fermentation can even occur within the stomachs of animals, such as humans. Auto-brewery syndrome is a rare medical condition where the stomach contains brewers yeast that break down starches into ethanol; which enters the blood stream.[3]

To many people, fermentation simply means the production of alcohol: grains and fruits are fermented to produce beer and wine. If a food soured, one might say it was 'off' or fermented. Here are some definitions of fermentation. They range from informal, general usage to more scientific definitions.[4]

Fermentation does not necessarily have to be carried out in an anaerobic environment. For example, even in the presence of abundant oxygen, yeast cells greatly prefer fermentation to aerobic respiration, as long as sugars are readily available for consumption (a phenomenon known as the Crabtree effect).[5] The antibiotic activity of hops also inhibits aerobic metabolism in yeast[citation needed].

Fermentation reacts NADH with an endogenous, organic electron acceptor.[1] Usually this is pyruvate formed from the sugar during the glycolysis step. During fermentation, pyruvate is metabolized to various compounds through several processes:

Sugars are the most common substrate of fermentation, and typical examples of fermentation products are ethanol, lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas (H2). However, more exotic compounds can be produced by fermentation, such as butyric acid and acetone. Yeast carries out fermentation in the production of ethanol in beers, wines, and other alcoholic drinks, along with the production of large quantities of carbon dioxide. Fermentation occurs in mammalian muscle during periods of intense exercise where oxygen supply becomes limited, resulting in the creation of lactic acid.[6]

Fermentation products contain chemical energy (they are not fully oxidized), but are considered waste products, since they cannot be metabolized further without the use of oxygen.

The chemical equation below shows the alcoholic fermentation of glucose, whose chemical formula is C6H12O6.[8] One glucose molecule is converted into two ethanol molecules and two carbon dioxide molecules:

C2H5OH is the chemical formula for ethanol.

Before fermentation takes place, one glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. This is known as glycolysis.[8][9]

Homolactic fermentation (producing only lactic acid) is the simplest type of fermentation. The pyruvate from glycolysis[10] undergoes a simple redox reaction, forming lactic acid.[2][11] It is unique because it is one of the only respiration processes to not produce a gas as a byproduct. Overall, one molecule of glucose (or any six-carbon sugar) is converted to two molecules of lactic acid: C6H12O6 2 CH3CHOHCOOH It occurs in the muscles of animals when they need energy faster than the blood can supply oxygen. It also occurs in some kinds of bacteria (such as lactobacilli) and some fungi. It is this type of bacteria that converts lactose into lactic acid in yogurt, giving it its sour taste. These lactic acid bacteria can carry out either homolactic fermentation, where the end-product is mostly lactic acid, or

Heterolactic fermentation, where some lactate is further metabolized and results in ethanol and carbon dioxide[2] (via the phosphoketolase pathway), acetate, or other metabolic products, e.g.: C6H12O6 CH3CHOHCOOH + C2H5OH + CO2 If lactose is fermented (as in yogurts and cheeses), it is first converted into glucose and galactose (both six-carbon sugars with the same atomic formula): C12H22O11 + H2O 2 C6H12O6 Heterolactic fermentation is in a sense intermediate between lactic acid fermentation, and other types, e.g. alcoholic fermentation (see below). The reasons to go further and convert lactic acid into anything else are:

In aerobic respiration, the pyruvate produced by glycolysis is oxidized completely, generating additional ATP and NADH in the citric acid cycle and by oxidative phosphorylation. However, this can occur only in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen is toxic to organisms that are obligate anaerobes, and is not required by facultative anaerobic organisms. In the absence of oxygen, one of the fermentation pathways occurs in order to regenerate NAD+; lactic acid fermentation is one of these pathways.[2]

Hydrogen gas is produced in many types of fermentation (mixed acid fermentation, butyric acid fermentation, caproate fermentation, butanol fermentation, glyoxylate fermentation), as a way to regenerate NAD+ from NADH. Electrons are transferred to ferredoxin, which in turn is oxidized by hydrogenase, producing H2.[8] Hydrogen gas is a substrate for methanogens and sulfate reducers, which keep the concentration of hydrogen low and favor the production of such an energy-rich compound,[12] but hydrogen gas at a fairly high concentration can nevertheless be formed, as in flatus.

As an example of mixed acid fermentation, bacteria such as Clostridium pasteurianum ferment glucose producing butyrate, acetate, carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas:[13] The reaction leading to acetate is:

Glucose could theoretically be converted into just CO2 and H2, but the global reaction releases little energy.

Acetic acid can also undergo a dismutation reaction to produce methane and carbon dioxide:[14][15]

This disproportionation reaction is catalysed by methanogen archaea in their fermentative metabolism. One electron is transferred from the carbonyl function (e donor) of the carboxylic group to the methyl group (e acceptor) of acetic acid to respectively produce CO2 and methane gas.

The use of fermentation, particularly for beverages, has existed since the Neolithic and has been documented dating from 70006600 BCE in Jiahu, China,[16] 6000 BCE in Georgia,[17] 3150 BCE in ancient Egypt,[18] 3000 BCE in Babylon,[19] 2000 BCE in pre-Hispanic Mexico,[19] and 1500 BC in Sudan.[20] Fermented foods have a religious significance in Judaism and Christianity. The Baltic god Rugutis was worshiped as the agent of fermentation.[21][22]

The first solid evidence of the living nature of yeast appeared between 1837 and 1838 when three publications appeared by C. Cagniard de la Tour, T. Swann, and F. Kuetzing, each of whom independently concluded as a result of microscopic investigations that yeast is a living organism that reproduces by budding. It is perhaps because wine, beer, and bread were each basic foods in Europe that most of the early studies on fermentation were done on yeasts, with which they were made. Soon, bacteria were also discovered; the term was first used in English in the late 1840s, but it did not come into general use until the 1870s, and then largely in connection with the new germ theory of disease.[23]

Louis Pasteur (18221895), during the 1850s and 1860s, showed that fermentation is initiated by living organisms in a series of investigations.[11] In 1857, Pasteur showed that lactic acid fermentation is caused by living organisms.[24] In 1860, he demonstrated that bacteria cause souring in milk, a process formerly thought to be merely a chemical change, and his work in identifying the role of microorganisms in food spoilage led to the process of pasteurization.[25] In 1877, working to improve the French brewing industry, Pasteur published his famous paper on fermentation, "Etudes sur la Bire", which was translated into English in 1879 as "Studies on fermentation".[26] He defined fermentation (incorrectly) as "Life without air",[27] but correctly showed that specific types of microorganisms cause specific types of fermentations and specific end-products.

Although showing fermentation to be the result of the action of living microorganisms was a breakthrough, it did not explain the basic nature of the fermentation process, or prove that it is caused by the microorganisms that appear to be always present. Many scientists, including Pasteur, had unsuccessfully attempted to extract the fermentation enzyme from yeast.[27] Success came in 1897 when the German chemist Eduard Buechner ground up yeast, extracted a juice from them, then found to his amazement that this "dead" liquid would ferment a sugar solution, forming carbon dioxide and alcohol much like living yeasts.[28] Buechner's results are considered to mark the birth of biochemistry. The "unorganized ferments" behaved just like the organized ones. From that time on, the term enzyme came to be applied to all ferments. It was then understood that fermentation is caused by enzymes that are produced by microorganisms.[29] In 1907, Buechner won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work.[30]

Advances in microbiology and fermentation technology have continued steadily up until the present. For example, in the late 1970s, it was discovered that microorganisms could be mutated with physical and chemical treatments to be higher-yielding, faster-growing, tolerant of less oxygen, and able to use a more concentrated medium.[31] Strain selection and hybridization developed as well, affecting most modern food fermentations. Other approaches to advancing the fermentation industry has been done by companies such as BioTork, a biotechnology company that naturally evolves microorganisms to improve fermentation processes. This approach differs from the more popular genetic modification, which has become the current industry standard.

The word ferment is derived from the Latin verb fervere, which means 'to boil' . It is thought to have been first used in the late fourteenth century in alchemy, but only in a broad sense. It was not used in the modern scientific sense until around 1600.

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Neuroscience

Genes to Cognition Online

Simple Mapper

We developed Simple Mapper to power this web site on the brain. Now, you can use it to organize what comes out of yours! With Simple Mapper create and save concept maps, network diagrams, or flowcharts for personal use or to share with others. START MAPPING!

Young parents and workaholics are very familiar with the effects ofsleep deprivation, and almost everyone is agreed its not the most pleasant place to be! Anyone who has ever tried to be, or had to be, awake continuously for several days and nights will know how a stretch of busy time without a nap GO TO BLOG

The G2C Brain is an interactive 3-D model of the brain, with 29 structures that can be rotated in three-dimensional space. Each structure has information on brain disorders, brain damage, case studies, and links to modern neuroscience research. Ideal for students, researchers, and educators in psychology and biology. Launch online 3D BRAIN Also available: 3D Brain App released on new mobile platforms! Downloaded more than 1 million times on iPhone/iPod/iPad, now you can download the app for your Android or Windows 7 phone! Search for "3D Brain" in your app store!

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Neuroscience

Home | Center for Neuroscience

The Center for Neuroscience is UC Davis' hub for studying the entire scope of neuroscience, ranging from cellular and molecular neurobiology, through systems and developmental neuroscience, to studies of human perception, memory, language, and the nature of consciousness. Using cutting-edge technology and pioneering research techniques, the Center's experts conduct discovery-driven science, leading to a better understanding of how the brain works and the development of new therapies to prevent, treat and potentially cure neurological and psychiatric disorders.

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Immunology

Journal home : Nature Immunology

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Jing Geng, Xiufeng Sun, Ping Wang, Shihao Zhang, Xiaozhen Wang, Hongtan Wu, Lixin Hong, Changchuan Xie, Xun Li, Hao Zhao, Qingxu Liu, Mingting Jiang, Qinghua Chen, Jinjia Zhang, Yang Li, Siyang Song, Hong-Rui Wang, Rongbin Zhou, Randy L Johnson, Kun-Yi Chien, Sheng-Cai Lin, Jiahuai Han, Joseph Avruch, Lanfen Chen & Dawang Zhou

Mitochondria must be juxtaposed to phagosomes to supply reactive oxygen species for effective killing of microbes. Zhou and colleagues demonstrate that the kinases Mst1 and Mst2 are important for controlling this redistribution of mitochondria.

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Journal home : Nature Immunology