Basic Embryology – Eccles Health Sciences Library

A human begins life as a fertilized ovum. This single cell gives rise to the millions of cells that form the human body. In the first few days following fertilization, the developing embryo consists of a ball of cells. This implants on the wall of the uterus and begins to grow further, supported by nutrients and blood from the mother.

As the developing embryo grows in the first few weeks, there is increasing complexity from differentiation of the cells into specialized tissues to form specific organs. This differentiation is directed by genetic factors inherited via the chromosomes from both mother and father. Most organs are formed between 5 and 8 weeks of life. After that, there is continued growth and development to the time of delivery of the baby, which typically occurs following 38 to 42 weeks of gestation in utero.

Embryology Simplified

The three major embryologic categories of cells, called the germ cell layers, are:

Ectoderm: forms the epithelium that covers the body, and gives rise to cells in the nervous system

Endoderm: forms the gastrointestinal tract and associated structures involved in digestion

Mesoderm: forms the connective tissues and "soft" tissues such as bone, muscle, and fat

After birth, some cells within the body continue to proliferate, while others do not and remain or are lost in the aging process. Aging results from the inability of cells to maintain themselves or replace themselves.

The following discussion will introduce you to the types of cells and tissues that constitute the human body. Examples of the major cell types, along with the organs they compose, will be demonstrated with histologic sections.

The genes that direct cellular proliferation and development in embryologic life are "turned off" or suppressed once appropriate growth has been achieved. However, when some of these genes are "turned on" inappropriately because of mutations or alterations (oncogenes), or when the genes that suppress growth (tumor suppressor genes) become faulty later in life, then the result can be neoplasia.

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Basic Embryology - Eccles Health Sciences Library

Physiology dictionary definition | physiology defined

The scientific study of an organism's vital functions, including growth and development, the absorption and processing of nutrients, the synthesis and distribution of proteins and other organic molecules, and the functioning of different tissues, organs, and other anatomic structures. Physiology studies the normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes of animals and plants.

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Physiology dictionary definition | physiology defined

Neuroscience | Bates College

The field of neuroscience examines bidirectional relationships between the nervous system and behavior and includes perspectives from the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. As an inherently interdisciplinary field, neuroscience applies various methodologies to study the molecular, cellular, developmental, structural, functional, computational, and pathophysiological aspects of the nervous system, while bearing in mind that nervous systems are embodied and are situated in complex, dynamic environments.

The neuroscience curriculum at Bates is structured so that students can appreciate how multiple levels of analysis and multiple scholarly frameworks are needed to understand the complexities of human and non-human animal behavior. At the cellular and molecular level, students engage with invertebrate animal models and cell cultures to learn how individual neurons process and produce electrochemical signals to support inter-cellular communication. Using rodent models at a bodily systems level, students learn how neurons interact to form circuits through which animals take in sensory information and produce motoric and other output that is adaptive for the animal in its environment. At the cognitive level, students study human perception, thought, and emotion by looking at the structure and function of human brains in neurotypical and atypical states. Here, students consider the consequences of neuroanatomical and neurochemical changes for human behavior as well as the effects that environmental variables may have on brain structure and function. At the computational level, students synthesize top-down and bottom-up strategies in an effort to explain how the brain works, using multidisciplinary techniques to develop, simulate, and analyze multi-scale models of neural function. At a cultural level, students consider how parameters of the human brain are shaped by social norms and institutions and how the brain, in turn, influences the formation, acquisition, and preservation of culture.

The neuroscience program fosters an active, learning-by-doing approach, as students conduct meaningful and innovative research at several points in their academic career, beginning in laboratory sections as supplementation to classroom learning and culminating with rigorous, independent research during the senior capstone experience. Importantly, however, another key goal of the neuroscience curriculum at Bates is to deepen capacity for a critical examination of the historical, political, and ethical contexts in which neuroscience operates such that students probe what it means to be a responsible consumer and producer of neuroscientific knowledge. By interrogating how neuroscience is done, for whom, by whom, for what purpose, and with what consequences, students come to reflect upon their own habits of mind, value systems, and politics of participation.

While progressing through the neuroscience curriculum at Bates, students can expect to achieve the following learning goals:

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Neuroscience | Bates College

Neuroscience | Degrees & Programs | University of Nevada, Reno

Get Involved

A number of events and organizations bring together faculty and students in the Neurosciences at the University of Nevada, Reno. These include:

Neuroscience is concerned with the study of nervous system and exists at the intersection of multiple fields of study, including biology, computer science, engineering, medicine, psychology, physiology, and more. The field involves studying the structure, operation, development and malfunctions of the nervous system. Neuroscience is widely recognized as among the most significant frontiers in modern science.

Advances in neuroscience are widely recognized as crucial to addressing a wide range of health challenges including the growing epidemic of age-related neurological impairments. Neuroscience research is also fundamentally impacting basic sciences and is central to current computational and big-data initiatives. The importance of understanding basic neural mechanisms has been further embraced by a wide range of traditional academic disciplines leading to entirely new areas of study such as neuroeconomics and neuroesthetics.

Students and faculty at the University of Nevada, Reno have the unique opportunity to study within this specialized area of research with access to cutting-edge technology, such as a new functional MRI facility-a partnership between our Center for Integrative Neuroscience and the Renown Health medical center.

The interdisciplinary program in neuroscience is designed to provide graduate students with a strong background in both systems and physiological approaches to understanding the brain, and to prepare students for professions and advanced studies in a wide range of fields including behavioral and biological science and health sciences. The program is administered jointly through the Departments of Biology and Psychology and draws on courses offered through both departments for the curriculum.

Engage with our faculty and learn about their expertise.

Browse our research infrastructure and learn about our projects.

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Neuroscience | Degrees & Programs | University of Nevada, Reno

Neuroscience – shire.com

For more than two decades, Shire has demonstrated leadership in neuroscience through helping more patients, progressing our pipeline, and expanding into additional conditions. Misunderstanding of conditions like Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Binge Eating Disorder (B.E.D.), and epilepsy is widespread, which can add to the unique challenges people living with these conditions are already facing. Building awareness and understanding can remove some of the additional obstacles these people may encounter.

Weve built relationships with patient advocacy groups and organizations globally, and regularly share our expertise with physicians, patients, caregivers, and policymakers to raise awareness and broaden understanding of these conditions worldwide. We are also committed to helping combat the misuse, abuse, and diversion of ADHD medicines.

Our neuroscience division currently champions for the patients, parents, caregivers, and physicians who are touched by:

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests as a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. It is a diverse condition that can have a significant impact on patients lives.5,6 ADHD is relatively common and often persists into adulthood.7,8,9,10 Only a trained healthcare professional can diagnose ADHD.

Once thought of as a childhood problem, ADHD persists into adulthood in 50-60% of people diagnosed as a child11,12,13,14 and affects around one in 30 (3.4%) adults worldwide.14

Binge Eating Disorder, or B.E.D., is a distinct medical condition recognized by the American Psychiatric Association.1 In the U.S., its more common than anorexia and bulimia combined,2,3* affecting an estimated 2.8 million adults.2,4 Although B.E.D. affects both men and women,2 research shows that twice as many women are affected.

Epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures that arent provoked by an immediate identifiable cause.

S38370 03/18

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Neuroscience - shire.com

Neuroscience – definition of neuroscience by The Free …

An abundance of recent neuroscience advances is directly related to psychiatric disorders, because the primary mission of the brain is to generate a mind, and every new discovery provides another piece of the psychiatric disorders puzzle.Whether you are interested in the intricacies of neurosurgical procedures or intrigued by rare neurological conditions, there's just something about neuroscience nursing.Readers will follow the history of neuroscience as the greatest brains, including Avicenna, Thomas Willis, Charles Darwin, and Paul Broca, try to figure it out by linking structure to function.Cubic Global Defense (CGD), a business unit of Cubic Corporation, today announced its subsidiary Intific will showcase various neuroscience software solutions at the Society for Neuroscience s annual Neuroscience 2015 held in Chicago, Illinois from October 17 21.The objective of this paper is to emphasize the perceptions of teachers about the relevance of neuroscience in their training, biological mechanisms by which social learning occurs, the pragmatic implications of neuroscience for teaching and learning, and the implications of neuroscience for education.UKPRwire, Wed Oct 09 2013] Global Market Direct's pharmaceuticals report, "Dart NeuroScience LLC - Product Pipeline Review - 2013" provides data on the Dart NeuroScience LLC's research and development focus.com)-- Neuroscience Nurses have opened a new group on RNsights, the free online community for critical care nurses.With neuroscience promising to explain human consciousness and behavior, ethicists are carving out the new sub-discipline of neuroethics.AANN Core Curriculum for Neuroscience Nursing (5th ed.Articles cover all neuroscience techniques, including neuroimaging methods, as well as more traditional neuroscience techniques.Louis, Missouri), Psychology In The Genome And Neuroscience Era is compendium of scholarly, in-depth studies of the various understandings of neurodevelopmental sciences in genetic and neurological approaches for the diagnosis and prevention of neurodegeneration in psychopathological procedures.The NIEHS recently joined the Neuroscience Blueprint, a formal collaboration among 15 NIH institutes that support research on the nervous system.

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Neuroscience - definition of neuroscience by The Free ...

Neuroscience | Rhodes College

Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field of study that employs the tools and perspectives of biology, psychology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, computer science and philosophy to achieve a better understanding of brain function, behavior, and the higher order cognitive processes that we collectively refer to as mind. Whereas psychology has been traditionally defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, the multidisciplinary approach of neuroscience is a comprehensive examination of the nervous system that extends from the molecular, through the cellular, to the behavioral level.

Research questions commonly studied in the field of neuroscience seek to understand the biological mechanisms for such complex phenomena as sensation and perception, learning and memory, cognition, emotion, and consciousness. In addition, neuroscientists seek to understand the organic nature of brain abnormalities that produce cognitive and affective pathologies seen in mental disorders such as schizophrenia, mania and depression, and degenerative diseases associated with aging. The tools and techniques used by the modern day neuroscientist are truly multidisciplinary in scope, involving procedures, assays and measurements taken from the fields of molecular and cellular biology, genetics, physiology, pharmacology, chemistry and biochemistry, physics, mathematics and computer modeling, behavioral and developmental psychology. The Neuroscience major at Rhodes makes it all the more apparent to students that the conventional boundaries that have often separated seemingly incompatible disciplines from one another evaporate when we are presented with new intellectual challenges.

The Neuroscience major is designed to provide students with a nuanced understanding of the methodological challenges and conceptual issues that lie at the heart of efforts to understand the function of the nervous system and its role in behavior. This program will provide students with an opportunity to explore brain function using multiple approaches from interdisciplinary perspectives and thus will prepare them to pursue postgraduate work in a variety of fields where knowledge of the brain and behavior are required. The major will also provide excellent training for future physicians, teachers, health care workers, and biotechnicians. Majors might also enter the legal profession and biotechnology-related businesses.

Students will enhance their understanding of neuroscience through course work and research experience. Course work will provide students with a thorough understanding of the biological bases of behavior, including neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and neuropharmacology. Learning may be enhanced by developing research skills in a variety of settings ranging from course laboratory experiences to independent research projects, offered at Rhodes or at off-campus locations such as St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital or the University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center.

When declaring a major in Neuroscience, students must submit an essay inwhich they articulate their educational goals. The essay should be fourparagraphs, with one paragraph dedicated to each of the questions below(question 3 has two parts).

1.In your opinion, what are the defining characteristics of the disciplineof Neuroscience?2. How do the requirements for the Neuroscience major complement yourprogram of liberal arts study and support your career or life goals?3. As a Neuroscience major, how will you (a) build on your strengths and (b)address your weaknesses?

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Neuroscience | Rhodes College

Neuroscience | Temple University

Employ Your Mind

Our neuroscience degree program teaches students to explore neural and brain function at multiple levels in a rapidly growing field. Our students study the neural basis of addiction, developmental disorders, ADHD, depression, anxiety, age-related disorders and much more.

No matter what our students have planned for life after graduationfurther graduate study in neuroscience, medical school or entering the workforceour flexible curriculum allows time for classes outside of the major. As a student, youll get the well-rounded academic experience needed for your next stop.

Our students don't just learn from books. You'll get hands-on experience in research labs right here on campus and internship opportunities in the broader Philadelphia area.

Our competitive +1 program offers students the opportunity to earn both a bachelor's and master's degree in neuroscience in just five years.

Our interdisciplinary curriculum allows students to take coursework in multiple departments at Temple while engaging in the study of one of the most dynamic areas of science.

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Neuroscience | Temple University

My genetics – How I Recovered

CYP1A1*2C A4889Grs1048943CTT-/-CYP1A1*4 C2453Ars1799814TGG-/-CYP1A2 C164Ars762551CAC+/-CYP1B1 L432Vrs1056836CCG+/-CYP1B1 N453Srs1800440CTT-/-CYP1B1 R48Grs10012CGG-/-CYP2A6*2 A1799Trs1801272TAA-/-CYP2C19*17rs12248560TCC-/-CYP2C9*2 C430Trs1799853TCC-/-CYP2C9*3 A1075Crs1057910CAA-/-CYP2D6 S486Trs1135840GGG+/+CYP2D6 T100Crs1065852AGG-/-CYP2D6 T2850Crs16947AAA+/+CYP2E1*1B G9896Crs2070676GCC-/-CYP2E1*4 A4768Grs6413419AGG-/-CYP3A4*1Brs2740574CTT-/-CYP3A4*3 M445Trs4986910GAA-/-CYPs are primarily membrane-associatedproteins located either in the inner membrane ofmitochondriaor in theendoplasmic reticulumof cells. CYPs metabolize thousands ofendogenousandexogenouschemicals. Some CYPs metabolize only one (or a very few) substrates, such asCYP19(aromatase), while others may metabolize multiple substrates. Both of these characteristics account for their central importance inmedicine. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are present in most tissues of the body, and play important roles inhormonesynthesis and breakdown includingestrogenandtestosteronesynthesis and metabolism,cholesterolsynthesis, andvitamin Dmetabolism. Cytochrome P450 enzymes also function to metabolize potentially toxic compounds, includingdrugsand products of endogenous metabolism such asbilirubin, principally in theliver.rs762551 (C) allele is a slow metabolizer or of certain substrates including caffeine which means Im more stimulated by it than most people.rs1056836 increases susceptibility to lung and breast cancer, blocks testosterone and inhibits mitochondrial function.rs1135840 is involved in the metabolism of approximately 25% of all medications and most psych meds including antipsychotics and antidepressants.GPX3rs8177412CTT-/-GSTM1rs12068997TCC-/-GSTM1rs4147565AGG-/-GSTM1rs4147567GAA-/-GSTM1rs4147568ATT-/-GSTM1rs1056806TCC-/-GSTM1rs12562055ATT-/-GSTM1rs2239892GAA-/-GSTP I105Vrs1695GAG+/-GSTP1 A114Vrs1138272TCC-/-GSTP genes encode the Glutathione S-transferase P enzyme. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of enzymes that play an important role in detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of manyhydrophobic and electrophilic compounds with reducedglutathione. Mutations here will increase your need for glutathione and importance of chelating out mercury.rs1695 influences asthma risk.NAT1 A560G(?) (R187Q)rs4986782AGG-/-NAT2 A803G (K268R)rs1208GGG+/+NAT2 C190T (R64W)rs1805158TCC-/-NAT2 G590A (R197Q)rs1799930AGG-/-NAT2 G857A (G286E)rs1799931AGG-/-NAT2 T341C (I114T)rs1801280CCC+/+NAT2 encodes N-acetyltransferases which are enzymes acting primarily in the liver to detoxify a large number of chemicals, includingcaffeineand several prescribed drugs. The NAT2 acetylation polymorphism is important because of its primary role in the activation and/or deactivation of many chemicals in the bodys environment, including those produced by cigarettes as well as aromatic amine and hydrazine drugs used medicinally. In turn, this can affect an individualscancerrisk.I have a particular combination of NAT2 polymorphisms rs1801280 (C) +rs1208 (G) which makes me a slow metabolizer. In general, slow metabolizers have higher rates of certain types ofcancerand are more susceptible to side effects from chemicals (known as MCS) metabolized by NAT2.SOD2rs2758331AAA+/+SOD2rs2855262TCT+/-SOD2 A16Vrs4880GGG+/+SOD2 gene is a member of the iron/manganesesuperoxide dismutasefamily and may be one of the key sources of my troubles. This protein transforms toxic superoxide, a byproduct of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, intohydrogen peroxideand diatomicoxygen. In simpler terms, the more energy your mitochondria produce, the more byproducts (also called free radicals) get produced. These toxic byproducts tear up cell membranes and walls through a process called oxidative stress.Mutations in the SOD2 gene diminish your ability to transform these toxic byproducts into harmless components. People with SOD2 polymorphisms may not tolerate nitrates or fish oil well. Mutations in this gene have been associated withidiopathic cardiomyopathy(IDC), sporadic motor neuron disease, and cancer.

Now what about SOD1 & 3? I dont know why it doesnt appear on this report but I was able to get some information on it from Livewello and it looks like I am much better off there. Heres my SOD1 and SOD3 status. Just for kicks, I decided to run SOD2 and I find it shows a much different picture than sterlings app: my SOD 2 on Livewello. Notice how it shows that I do have some working SOD2 genes!

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My genetics - How I Recovered