Biochemistry | IntechOpen

Open access peer-reviewed Edited Volume

Over the recent years, biochemistry has become responsible for explaining living processes such that many scientists in the life sciences from agronomy to medicine are engaged in biochemical research. This book contains an overview focusing on the research area of proteins, enzymes, cellular mechanisms and chemical compounds used in relevant approaches. The book deals with basic issues and some of...

Over the recent years, biochemistry has become responsible for explaining living processes such that many scientists in the life sciences from agronomy to medicine are engaged in biochemical research. This book contains an overview focusing on the research area of proteins, enzymes, cellular mechanisms and chemical compounds used in relevant approaches. The book deals with basic issues and some of the recent developments in biochemistry. Particular emphasis is devoted to both theoretical and experimental aspect of modern biochemistry. The primary target audience for the book includes students, researchers, biologists, chemists, chemical engineers and professionals who are interested in biochemistry, molecular biology and associated areas. The book is written by international scientists with expertise in protein biochemistry, enzymology, molecular biology and genetics many of which are active in biochemical and biomedical research. We hope that the book will enhance the knowledge of scientists in the complexities of some biochemical approaches; it will stimulate both professionals and students to dedicate part of their future research in understanding relevant mechanisms and applications of biochemistry.

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The calculation process of the FP behavior inside the reactor building.

Figure 1 shows the process of release of FPs from fuel to cladding, cladding to coolant and then to the containment. In this work, a 1000-MW pressurized water reactor (PWR) has been considered with the design specification as shown in Table 1. The PWR system along with the containment system is shown in Figure 2. We have developed a real-time kinetic model to simulate the FP behavior inside the containment. The analytical model is a set of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The FP activity inside the reactor containment building and on the surfaces and walls of the containment is governed by the following sets of ODEs [8, 32, 33].

dmv,itdt=imv,itut,iSVmv,itFVmv,itRres,ircVmv,itLrVmv,it+riSVms,it+PitE1

where

=HiIodine3hEa2dotherFPsE2

dmstdt=tmvtrmstE3

where i indicates the isotope, whereas V and S indicate the volumetric and surface activities of ith isotope. The puff release of FP is mv (t)=fxfffpfcAc/V g.m3. The values of various parameters used in these simulations are listed in Table 2.

Design parameters of typical 1000MW reactor [34, 35].

A schematic diagram of a typical PWR system with the containment spray system.

Important parameters used for simulation [36].

Numerical data for spray removal term ([36, 38]).

The last term in Eq. (1) is the source of FP from the reactor pressure vessel. The kinetic source is modeled as [37].

Pt=1fxAcfffpfcKVewxtE4

K=wxwx/Twxwx/TE5

The (1fx) exp.(wxt) is the airborne FP activity released along with the coolant with mixing rate wx. Where K is the normalization constant and expressed as follows. The overall radioactive mass inventory, including kinetic and static parts, is depicted in Eq. (6).

Ac=fxAc+1fxAcB0TewxtdtE6

The removal of iodine and aerosols from the containment with the spray system can be expressed as depicted in Eqs. (7) and (8), where mri and mra are the removal rates of iodine and aerosols, respectively.

dmrI,itdt=PitHiFVmv,itE7

dmra,itdt=Pit3hFEa2dVmv,itE8

where

i=1e6KGtd/dH+KGKLE9

and

KG=DLd2.0+0.60Re0.5Sc0.33E10

KL=22DL3dE11

DL=7.4108xMlTl0.6E12

The values of these parameters in Eqs. (9)(12) are listed in Table 3.

Several steps are involved in the simulation of FP behavior inside the reactor building starting from the generation of FP in fuel along with the fuel burn-up. Leakage of FP into the coolant and then from the coolant to containment along with the leakage of coolant. The computational steps are listed in Figure 3. A two-stage methodology has been adopted: (1) evaluation of activity in the core just before the accident and (2) kinetic quantification of airborne activity under confined conditions. The core activity has been evaluated at for one complete fuel cycle to get maximum core activity. The behavior of airborne FP activity has been quantified for loss of the coolant accident (LOCA) under NUREG-1465 [8] and regulatory guide 1.183 [32] assumptions. The developed model uses subroutine functions containing coupled ODEs and RungeKutta (RK) method. The ODEs (Eqs. (1)(12)) are implemented in MATLAB. The system of ODEs (Eqs. (1), (3), (7), (8)) is coupled and solved numerically using the RungeKutta (RK) method in this program.

Flow chart of incontinent FP source term estimation.

The RK numerical provides efficient time-domain solution, yielding static as well as dynamic values of FPAs corresponding to about 84 different dominant FPs. The computational cycle starts with the initialization of the variables with t=0. In the time loop, the values of FPAs inside the containment building are calculated using RK scheme for each next time step. The program allows performing these calculations for spray system operation.

The above equations can be implemented in MATLAB. The flow chart of the MATLAB program is shown in Figure 4. In the first step, the physical constant and parameters are defined, and the time array and droplet size are determined by the user.

function PWR_Fission_Product

% MATLAB Program for In-containment Fission product program by Khurram Mehboob

% Date : 08-07-2017

%================================================%

clear; clc; clear all;

%================================================

Global Hi Lr V S vd dec r Rr neu EI h Klcm Kgcm d Ea fr H y00 Q y t I Ac D Core_I

Cont_A QQ f x fc B wx YY Sorc wx1

tn = input('Enter end time = tn = '); h = input('Enter stepsize = h = '): t = (0:h:tn); % time array

for d1=100: 100: 1000; % particle diameter (microns)

%=======Control Variables====================

d = d1*1e-4; % particle diameter (cm)

k=d1/100; % Droplet control Factors for printing

fx = 0.20; % activity immediately available in the containment air

fc = 0.35; % core damage fraction.

H =10000; % partition coefficient for iodine

Rr = 4.719; % Recirculation flow rate

Lr = 14.15; % leakage rate

wx = 0.01; % mixing rate

Flow diagram of computer program.

In the second step, the fixed variables are loaded from an input text file. The input text file contains the output data from the ORIGEN2.2 code that contains data for 84 different FPs.

load 'input.txt'

%=======Fixed variables==============

V = input2(1,1); % free volume of the containment

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Biochemistry | IntechOpen