When cells dont divide into proper copies of themselves, living things fail to grow as they should. For the first time, scientists now understand how a protein called TANGLED1 can lead to accurate cell division in plants.

Inside cells are structures called microtubules, which act like highways for moving proteins and organelles. Theyre also critical for separating DNA after it has been duplicated to eventually make two cells from one.

You cant live without microtubules, and plants cant either, said Carolyn Rasmussen, an assistant professor of plant cell biology at UC Riveride. Because theyre so important, where they go and how they move has to be carefully controlled.

Scanning electron micrographs of maize plant cells. Wild-type (left), and the TANGLED1 mutant (RIGHT). Credit: Carolyn Rasmussen/UCR

Rasmussen and colleagues discovered that the TANGLED1 protein performs this microtubule controlling function by binding the microtubules together like glue. Their description of how TANGLED1 operates was published today (June 22, 2020) in the Journal of Cell Biology.

By adding together microtubules and TANGLED1 in a test tube, the team saw surprising interactions between them. Often, proteins can only bundle microtubules at very specific angles 40 degrees or less. TANGLED1 can grab microtubules from any angle and link them together.

To the best of my knowledge, this is the first plant protein observed in vitro with this characteristic, Rasmussen said.

The proteins ability to capture and stabilize microtubules is likely critical for being able to separate daughter cells properly. Cell divisions at the wrong angle lead to big problems such as the formation of tumors.

Animal cells normally need to remain attached to a surface, and their division is controlled to ensure the cells remain there. If a cell becomes unattached to the surface after division, that could mark the beginning of a tumor.

Rasmussens team included Pablo Martinez, Sean OLeary, and Antonia Zhang from UC Riverside; biochemists Ram Dixit and Rachappa Balkunde from Washington University; and mathematician Kenneth Brakke from Susquehanna University.

Now that the team has seen TANGLED1 at work in vitro, the next step is to observe it in a living cell. If they can gain a deeper understanding of the genes that control plant cell division, these genes might be manipulated to produce higher yield crops, such as bigger ears of corn or more grain.

An additional benefit of this research is the insight it could yield into human cellular processes. When there are defects in the cells ability to move material around on microtubules, diseases such as Alzheimers disease or cancer could follow.

Research on these diseases is often conducted on human cell lines or animal models. However, there are similarities between the microtubule bundling behavior of TANGLED1 in plants and microtubule binding proteins in humans, making it easier to learn more by characterizing both at the same time.

People say plants dont get cancer, which is generally true, Rasmussen said. But sometimes when you have a different perspective on a related question in this case, what controls the spatial positioning of cell division you can see things that are hard to see in other model systems.

Reference: TANGLED1 mediates microtubule interactions that may promote division plane positioning in maize by Pablo Martinez, Ram Dixit, Rachappa S. Balkunde, Antonia Zhang, Sen E. OLeary, Kenneth A. Brakke and Carolyn G. Rasmussen, 22 June 2020, Journal of Cell Biology.DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907184

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