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Basic Embryology

A human begins life as a fertilized ovum. This single cell gives rise to the millions of cells that form the human body. In the first few days following fertilization, the developing embryo consists of a ball of cells. This implants on the wall of the uterus and begins to grow further, supported by nutrients and blood from the mother.

As the developing embryo grows in the first few weeks, there is increasing complexity from differentiation of the cells into specialized tissues to form specific organs. This differentiation is directed by genetic factors inherited via the chromosomes from both mother and father. Most organs are formed between 5 and 8 weeks of life. After that, there is continued growth and development to the time of delivery of the baby, which typically occurs following 38 to 42 weeks of gestation in utero.

Embryology Simplified

The three major embryologic categories of cells, called the germ cell layers, are:

Ectoderm: forms the epithelium that covers the body, and gives rise to cells in the nervous system

Endoderm: forms the gastrointestinal tract and associated structures involved in digestion

Mesoderm: forms the connective tissues and "soft" tissues such as bone, muscle, and fat

After birth, some cells within the body continue to proliferate, while others do not and remain or are lost in the aging process. Aging results from the inability of cells to maintain themselves or replace themselves.

The following discussion will introduce you to the types of cells and tissues that constitute the human body. Examples of the major cell types, along with the organs they compose, will be demonstrated with histologic sections.

The genes that direct cellular proliferation and development in embryologic life are "turned off" or suppressed once appropriate growth has been achieved. However, when some of these genes are "turned on" inappropriately because of mutations or alterations (oncogenes), or when the genes that suppress growth (tumor suppressor genes) become faulty later in life, then the result can be neoplasia.

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Basic Embryology

Embryology – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

I Aims

Behavioral embryology, which incorporates neurogenesis and developmental neurobiology, involves the study of the very early development of the nervous system and behavior with a viewtoward understanding how the formative periods of neural and behavioral development affect later stages of neurobehavioral ontogeny. The guiding philosophy is that neural and behavioral development at any given point in time can only be comprehended fully in light of the immediate and remote developmental history of the organism. For atruly comprehensive picture, the forwardreference of development must also be considered. A most important and pervasive aspect of embryonic behavior is its anticipatory or preparatory naturecrucial adaptive functions always develop well in advance of their necessity for the survival of the newborn, and several writers have emphasized that aspect of development in particular (e.g., Anokhin, 1964; Carmichael, 1970; Coghill, 1929).

A subsidiary aim of behavioral embryology involves the establishment of detailed and intimate relationships between neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, and behavior. It is felt that these relationships can be established most readily and most meaningfully during the formative stagesof embryonic development, at which time the investigator is in a position to actually observe the increasingly complex changes in organization manifest themselves. A naturalistic theme pervades behavioral embryology in that most studies involve living specimens in their ordinary surroundings and, as far as is possible, there is an attempt to relate the results of in vitro studies to the in vivo and in situ conditions.

To paraphrase the words of Pearl (1904), the study of the ontogenetic history of an organismis regarded of prime importance in elucidating the adult condition. This method of study can gain thecomplete explanation of many structures and functions which are inexplicable when only the adult condition is considered. Thus, in many quarters, embryological study has come to be regarded as a necessary part of almost any anatomical, physiological, or behavioral investigation which aims at completeness, including human psychology. [See, for example, the recent review of behavioral embryology by Trevarthen (1973) for The Handbook of Perception. Carmichael's classical review of the older literature has been a standard feature of handbooks of child psychology for many years (Carmichael, 1933, 1970).]

In sum, the developmental method is basic to all disciplines which deal with organisms, whether from the genetic, biochemical, anatomical, physiological, behavioral, or psychological points of view, and behavioral embryology pushes this method of study to its logical extreme. The developmentalmethod is an analytic tool par excellence.

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Embryology - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Biochemistry – American Chemical Society

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Science Immunology

Human natural killer cells mediate adaptive immunity to viral antigens

By Rana Nikzad, Laura S. Angelo, Kevin Aviles-Padilla, Duy T. Le, Vipul K. Singh, Lynn Bimler, Milica Vukmanovic-Stejic, Elena Vendrame, Thanmayi Ranganath, Laura Simpson, Nancy L. Haigwood, Catherine A. Blish, Arne N. Akbar, Silke Paust

Science Immunology10 May 2019 Full AccessRestricted Access

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Science Immunology

Pacific Immunology

Pacific Immunology, with over 47 years of experience in developing antibodies, is a leading global provider of custom antibody production services. Our facility generates high-affinity custom antibodies with industry-leading titer guarantees and comprehensive antibody production packages that simplify the ordering process and present cost-effective methods to isolate epitope-specific antibodies. Learnwhy Pacific Immunology is an ideal partner to generate custom antibodies for your research program.

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Pacific Immunology

Biochemistry | Roanoke College

Using a new, revolutionary technique in hopes of discovering a new gene has Matthew Johnson '19 excited for the future. "We are using a new, revolutionary technique called CRISPR/Cas9 in hopes of discovering a new gene," he said.

During a research internship at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, NY, his research focused on Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Johnson is particularly interested in cancer cells that are resistant to chemotherapy in order to prevent cancer relapse. He is working now in Dr. Cathy Sarisky's lab. "I've gained so much experience through this research and it's helped me apply to medical school this year," Johnson said.

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Biochemistry | Roanoke College

Overview | Department of Cell Biology | Albert Einstein …

Research in the Department of Cell Biology is focused on understanding molecular mechanisms of gene regulation in eukaryotic cells. Using mammalian cells, yeast, viruses, fruit flies and transgenic mice, we are investigating mechanisms of DNA replication and repair, control of the cell cycle and apoptosis, roles for transcriptional regulation and chromatin structure in gene expression, RNA processing, intracellular trafficking, membrane fusion and budding, mechanisms of generating antibody diversity, and the functions of cell surface sugars.

Congratulations to Urvi! Dr. Urvi Shah, M.D., a former Montefiore Hematology and Oncology Fellow and newly appointed faculty member of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, is the first prize winner of this years Henry L. Moses Award in the clinical research category. As part of her fellowship training, Dr Shah performed 2 years research in Dr. Yes laboratory which led to a first author publication in Blood last year. The award winning study is entitled North American ATLL has a Distinct Mutational and Transcriptional Profile and responds to epigenetic therapies. The Henry L. Moses awards recognize research excellence of fellows and junior faculty members of Montefiore Medical Center. Dr. Shah received the award at the annual Dinner Dance and Awards Ceremony on Saturday, March 23rd from Dr. Steven M. Safyer, President and CEO, and Dr. Victor B. Hatcher, Research Director of Montefiore Medicine.

Dr. Margaret Kielian, a leading expert in viral infection mechanisms, is the recipient of the 2019 Marshall S. Horwitz, M.D. Faculty Prize for Research Excellence. The community-wide ceremony will be held in Robbins Auditorium on Monday, March 11, 2019, at 4 p.m. The award presentation and lecture will be followed by a reception. Please join Dr. Kielian as she shares some of the most exciting findings on how alphaviruses and flaviviruses enter and exit the host cell. Her lecture is entitled: How Viruses Infect a Cell: Structure, Function and Inhibition of Virus Membrane Fusion Proteins. Congratulations, Dr. Kielian! Dr. Kielian is the 5th faculty member from this department to receive this distinguished award since its inception 13 years ago. Previous recipients of the Marshall Horwitz Price include Dr. Matthew Scharff, Dr. Stanley Nathenson, , Dr. Pamela Stanley, and Dr. Carl Schildkraut.

The Department of Cell Biology would like to extend our warmest congratulations to Jiahao Chen, an predoctoral student in the laboratory of Dr. Ulrich Steidl, who was recently awarded the 2019 Julius Marmur Graduate Student Research Awards for his study entitled Myelodysplastic Syndromes Progression to Acute Myeloid Leukemia at the Stem Cell Level He will present his award-winning studies at the 23nd Annual Julius Marmur Research Symposium on Monday, March 18, 2019 at 10:00am in the 3rd Floor Lecture Hall (Forch). The entire Einstein community is invited to the Symposium.

As the holiday season is approaching, good news comes in pairs for Cell Biology!

Congratulations to Dr. Barbara Birshtein on her receiving the 2018 Basic Science Faculty Mentoring Award! This is truly a well-deserved recognition, the latest in a long list of distinctions that Barbara has received in her career. The Ceremony will be held on December 19 at 4:30 PM in Price, please join us to celebrate with Barbara. RSVP at

http://www.einstein.yu.edu/administration/diversity-mentoring-invite/invite.html

Kudos to Peter! Peter Schultes, our Scientific Facilities Coordinator, has been chosen as the inaugural recipient of the Innovative Excellence Award. The Innovative Excellence Award is given to staff members whose innovation and forward thinking enhances Einsteins organization culture through their contributions and adaptation of existing programs, procedures and processes and the development of new initiatives that positively impacts operations. This award reflects Peter's outstanding performance, commitment to excellence and dedication to the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

The Staff Recognition Ceremony will be held on Monday, December 17, 2018, at 1:45 p.m., in the Lubin Dining Hall.

The Department of Cell Biology would like to extend our warmest congratulations to Dr. Kira Gritsman, Assistant Professor in Medicine and Cell Biology, who has been awarded the Osler Young Investigator Award from The Interurban Clinical Club (ICC). ICC is a club of physician-scientists that was founded by Sir William Osler in 1905. The Sir William Osler Young Investigator Award recognizes Dr. Gritsman for "outstanding achievement by a young clinician-scientist in the tradition of Sir William Osler.

The Department of Cell Biology would like to extend our warmest congratulations to Dr. Rebecca Brown, a Postdoctoral Fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Margaret Kielian, who was awarded the Charles H. Revson Senior Fellowship in Biomedical Sciences (2018-2020).

The Department of Cell Biology would like to extend our warmest congratulations to Dr. Samuel Taylor, a Postdoctoral Fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Ulrich Steidl, who has been awarded a two year NYSCF Druckenmiller Fellows Award! He will be pursuing studies into pharmacological inhibition of the transcription factor PU.1 as a novel treatment for acute myeloid leukemia.

Congratulations! Dr. Britta Will, Assistant Professor in the Departments of Medicine (Oncology) and Cell Biology, is a winner of the Michael Price Seeds of Science Award in its inaugural year. This award was established by the Price Family Foundation Fund. One of the two grants awarded this year will support Dr. Will and her collaborator, Dr. David Loeb, Chief of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology at the Children's Hospital at Montefiore, in their mechanistic studies of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Their planned work will focus on the molecular and physiological role played by chaperone-mediated autophagy, a process that cells use to get rid of damaged or surplus proteins, particularly under stress.

Dr. Carl Schildkraut, a longtime member of the Cell Biology Department and a world-renowned expert in DNA replication, is the recipient of the 2018 Marshall S. Horwitz, M.D. Faculty Prize for Research Excellence. On Monday, March 12, Dr. Schildkraut will share some highlights from his exceptionally productive career in his award lecture. The award presentation, lecture, and the post-award reception will be held at Robbins Auditorium starting at 4 pm.

Congratulations Carl, on this very well-deserved recognition!

The Department of Cell Biology would like to extend our warmest congratulations to Ali Zahalka, an predoctoral student in the laboratory of Dr. Paul Frenette, who was recently awarded the 2018 Julius Marmur Research Awards for his study entitled Adrenergic nerves activate an angio-metabolic switch in prostate cancer (mentor: Dr. Paul Frenette)He will present his award-winning studies at the 22nd Annual Julius Marmur Research Symposium on Monday, March 19, 2018 at 10:00am in the 3rd Floor Lecture Hall (Forch). The entire Einstein community is invited to the Symposium.

The Department of Cell Biology would like to extend our warmest congratulations to Richard Piszczatowski, an MD/PhD predoctoral student in the laboratory of Dr. Ulrich Steidl, who was recently awarded an NIH NRSA F30 Individual Predoctoral Fellowship Award for the project entitled "Investigating the role of Nol3 in normal and malignant hematopoiesis"!

Dr. Barnali Biswas received a poster award of $500 for her poster presented at the Dennis Shields Awards. She recently received a prestigious INSPIRE award from the Department of Science and Technology of the government of India. The award will allow her to set up her laboratory as an Assistant Professor in Mumbai at the National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health.

The Department of Cell Biology would like to congratulate Dr. Wenjun Guo on his promotion to the rank of Associate Professor of Cell Biology!

The Department of Cell Biology would like to congratulate Dr. Keisuke Ito on his promotion to the rank of Associate Professor of Cell Biology and Medicine!

The Department of Cell Biology would like to extend our warmest congratulations to Dr. Ulrich Steidl on receiving his tenure from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine! This is a very well deserved recognition of the outstanding productivity of his research program and his numerous contributions to and leadership in Einsteins teaching and research programs.

Dr. Advaitha Madireddy, Postdoctoral fellow in Cell Biology, is the recipient of a five-year K99/R00 Pathway to Independence Grant/Award from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH. The grant was awarded to support her study to investigate how replicative defects drive hematological abnormalities and cancer predisposition in Fanconi anemia patients.

On June 7, Dr. Art Skoultchi, Chair of Cell Biology, presented the Keynote Lecture at the National Cancer Institute Center of Excellence in Chromosome Biology.

the Department of Cell Biology would like to congratulate Dr. Advaitha Madireddy, a Postdoctoral Fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Carl Schildkraut, who has been awarded the Dennis Shields Awards for Outstanding Postdoctoral Research.

On March 19th, Dr. Pamela Stanley presented a Keynote Lecture at the Gordon Conference on Glycobiology held in Ventura, California.

The Graduate School just announced the winners of the 2017 Julius Marmur Research Awards. Of the four winners this year, two are from the Department of Cell Biology: Halley Pierce and Robert Stanley. Congratulations to Halley and Robert and their laboratories for receiving this prestigious award! They will present their award-winning studies at the 21th Annual Julius Marmur Research Symposium on Monday, March 20, 2017.

Halley Pierce -- for her study entitled Central nervous system Chrm1 signals prime hematopoietic stem cells for mobilization via a glucocorticoid mediated relay. (mentor: Dr. Paul Frenette).

Robert Stanley -- for his study entitled A myeloid tumor suppressor role for NOL3. (mentor: Dr. Ulrich Steidl).

On Dec 8th, the Department of Cell Biology would like to congratulate Dr. Rebecca Brown, a Postdoctoral Fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Margaret Kielian, who has been awarded a Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA F32 Postdoctoral Fellowship from the NIH.

On Nov 17th, Dr. Margaret Kielian presented the Keynote Lecture at the 18th Annual Norman P. Salzman Memorial Symposium at NIH. This annual meeting was established to honor the memory of Dr. Norman P. Salzman, one of the pioneers of molecular virology and a founding editor of the Journal of Virology. It is also widely considered to be the premier virology symposium hosted at the NIH.

Dr. Britta Will, Assistant Professor in Medicine and Cell Biology, is the recipient of a three-year Foundation Scholars Award from the Alexandrine and Alexander L Sinsheimer Fund. The fund was made to support her study on how transcriptional and epigenetic dysregulation drives cancer stem cell formation in leukemia. Congratulations.

The Department of Cell Biology would like to congratulate the following four Predoctoral Fellows and their laboratories who received NIH Predoctoral Fellowship Awards.

Ali Zahalka -- NIH NRSA F30 Individual Predoctoral Fellowship Award for a project entitled "Contributions of sympathetic signals to prostate cancer progression" (Sponsor, Paul Frenette, Cell Biology) .

Sean Healton -- NIH NRSA F30 Individual Predoctoral Fellowship Award for a project entitled "Epigenetic activity of normal and cancer-associated mutant H1 linker histones" (Sponsor, Arthur Skolutchi, Cell Biology).

Cary Weiss -- NIH NRSA F30 Individual Predoctoral Fellowship Award for a project entitled "MicroRNA-22 and the microRNA-22/tet2 network as regulators of the cell fate decision in hematopoietic stem cells and in the development of myelodysplastic syndrome" (Sponsor, Keisuke Ito, Cell Biology).

Ruth Howe -- NIH NRSA F30 Individual Predoctoral Fellowship Award for a project entitled "Characterizing the Novel Protein C15ORF65" (Sponsor, Ulrich Steidl, Cell Biology).

Congratulations to Dr. Ulrich Steidl on his promotion to the rank of Professor of Cell Biology and Medicine! This is a very well deserved recognition of the outstanding productivity of his research program and his numerous contributions to and leadership in Einsteins teaching and research programs.

The Department of Cell Biology would like to congratulate Dr. Elena Tosti, a Postdoctoral Fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Winfried Edelmann, who has been awarded a fellowship from the Department of Defense.

Congratulations! Dr. Ulrich Steidl, Associate Professor in the Department of Cell Biology and Medicine, has been honored with election to the prestigious American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI). The society was established in 1908 and is one of the nation's oldest and most respected medical honor societies.https://www.the-asci.org/about.shtml

The Department of Cell Biology would like to congratulate Dr. Dachuan Zhang, a Postdoctoral Fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Paul Frenette, who has been awarded of the 2016 Julius Marmur Research Awards for his proposal, Neutrophil aging is regulated by the microbiome".

Welcome New Cell Biology Faculty! Britta Will, Ph.D. was appointed assistant professor in the Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology in December 2015.Dr. Will received her Ph.D. training at Harvard Medical School and the University of Freiburg, Germany. Prior to this appointment, Britta did outstanding research on the regulation of normal hematopoietic and malignant stem cell function under Dr. Ulrich Steidls mentorship. Her research program dissects how age-related changes in gene-regulatory mechanisms contribute to hematopoietic stem cell failure and malignant transformation and exploits a combination of genetic mouse models, primary human specimen and cutting-edge molecular and cell biological assay systems. Dr. Wills laboratory is located in Room 401 of the Chanin Building. [web page]

The Department of Cell Biology would like to congratulate Dr. Arthur Skoultchi, Chairman of the Department, who is the recipient of the 2015 Faculty Mentoring Award. The ceremony will be held at 4:30PM, December 10, 2015, in Lubin Dining Hall.

Dr. Kira Gritsman, Assistant Professor in Medicine and Cell Biology, is the recipient of a 3-year Sinsheimer Scholar award. The grant was made to support her research on the roles of PI3 Kinase in myeloid leukemia cells and their bone marrow niche. Congratulations!

The Department of Cell Biology would like extend a very warm welcome to our newest faculty member, Associate Professor Dr. Matthew Gamble. Dr. Gamble has been on the faculty in the Department of Molecular Pharmacology since 2009. He was recently promoted to Associate Professor of Molecular Pharmacology and he will join our department with a secondary appointment as Associate Professor of Cell Biology. Several labs in our department have already had very fruitful interactions with Dr. Gamble and his lab members. Dr Gambles research interests include mechanisms of mammalian gene regulation at the levels of transcription and splicing, chromatin structure and function and their impact on malignant transformation, cellular senescence and DNA repair mechanisms, with a focus on the role macro domain-containing proteins. His laboratory is located in 203 Golding Building.

The Department of Cell Biology would like to congratulate Michael Willcockson, an MD/PhD student in the laboratory of Dr. Arthur Skoultchi, who has been awarded an NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA Predoctoral Fellowship for his proposal, Regulators of the Erythroid Terminal Differentiation Decision and their Connection to the Cell Cycle".

Britta Will, Instructor in Cell Biology, has received a prestigious 2-year research grant from the Aplastic Anemia & MDS International Foundation. She will use the funding to characterize molecular abnormalities in HSCs of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome in order to develop mechanism-based therapeutic approaches.

Inaugural Honoree The American Association of Immunologists (AAI) has selected Dr. Matthew Scharff as the first-ever recipient of its inaugural 2015 AAI-BioLegend Herzenberg Award, which he will receive this spring during a special session at IMMUNOLOGY2015. The honor recognizes an individual who has made exemplary research contributions to the field of B cell biology. Dr. Scharff is world-renowned as a pioneer in the development and application of monoclonal antibodies, which have become a cornerstone in biomedical research. He is distinguished professor of Cell Biology and of Medicine, as well as the Harry Eagle Chair in Cancer Research/National Women's Division and faculty supervisor of the Hybridoma and Tissue Culture Facility. The AAI-BioLegend Herzenberg Award was established, with support from BioLegend to honor the memory of AAI member Dr. Leonard A. Herzenberg.

Congratulations to Dr. Travis Bernardo and Dr. Barnali Biswas for winning Postdoctoral Fellowship awards!

Dr. Travis Bernardo, a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Skoultchi lab, is the recipient of a Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA F32 Fellowship from the NIH.

Dr. Barnali Biswas, a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Stanley lab, is the recipient of a Postdoctoral Fellowship from The Lalor Foundation.

On 5/6/2015, Dr. Pamela Stanley gave a lecture in the NIH Director's Wednesday Afternoon Lecture Series (WALS), which is the highest-profile lecture program at the NIH. Her lecture was entitled Glycans that regulate development and notch signaling.

Dr. Barbara Birshtein has been selected as this years recipient of the LaDonne H. Shulman Award for Excellence in Teaching. The recipient of this award is nominated and selected by the graduate students as a faculty member who has demonstrated exemplary skill in teaching and mentoring.Of special note: This is the second time that Barbara has received this award! Congratulations to Barbara on this very appropriate recognition of her dedication and teaching and mentoring skills by the graduate students.

Election to fellow is an honor bestowed upon American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) members by their peers. In 2014, 401 AAAS members were awarded this honor because of their scientifically or socially distinguished efforts to advance science or its applications. Among the six AECOM faculty members who received this distinction, three are members of the Department of Cell Biology.

Margaret Kielian, Ph.D. Elected for distinguished contributions to the field of virology, particularly for studies on the alphavirus and flavivirus membrane fusion proteins and on virus entry and exit. Dr. Kielian is Professor of Cell Biology and Samuel H. Golding Chair in Microbiology.

Richard Kitsis, M.D. Elected for distinguished contributions to fundamental and translational aspects of cell death, particularly for originating and driving the field of cell death in the heart. Dr. Kitsis is Professor of Medicine and of Cell Biology, the Dr. Gerald and Myra Dorros Chair in Cardiovascular Disease and Director of the Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute at Einstein and attending physician, cardiology at Montefiore Medical Center.

Robert Singer, Ph.D. Elected for distinguished contributions to the development and application of imaging technologies and insights into the kinetics and spatial distributions of single mRNAs in living cells. Dr. Singer is Professor and Co-Chair of Anatomy & Structural Biology, Professor of Neuroscience and of Cell Biology, Co-Director of the Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center and of the Integrated Imaging Program, and the Harold and Muriel Block Chair in Anatomy & Structural Biology.

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Overview | Department of Cell Biology | Albert Einstein ...

Animal physiology | definition of Animal physiology by Medical dictionary

physiology[fize-olo-je]

1. the science that treats of the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved.

2. the basic processes underlying the functioning of a species or class of organism, or any of its parts or processes.

cell physiology the scientific study of phenomena involved in cell growth and maintenance, self-regulation and division of cells, interactions between nucleus and cytoplasm, and general behavior of protoplasm.

morbid physiology (pathologic physiology) the study of disordered functions or of function in diseased tissues.

The science concerned with the normal vital processes of animal and vegetable organisms, especially as to how things normally function in the living organism rather than to their anatomic structure, their biochemical composition, or how they are affected by drugs or disease.

[L. or G. physiologia, fr. G. physis, nature, + logos, study]

1. the science which treats of the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved.

2. the basic processes underlying the functioning of a species or class of organism, or any of its parts or processes.

morbid physiology, pathologic physiology the study of disordered function or of function in diseased tissues.

1. The biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.

2. All the functions of a living organism or any of its parts.

physiologist n.

Etymology: Gk, physis + logos, science

1 the study of the processes and function of the human body.

The science concerned with the normal vital processes of animal and vegetable organisms, especially as to how things normally function in the living organism rather than as to their anatomic structure, their biochemical composition, or how they are affected by drugs or disease.

[L. or G. physiologia, fr. G. physis, nature, + logos, study]

n in biological sciences, study concerned with the processes and functioning of organisms.

Science concerned with normal vital processes of organisms, especially as to how things normally function in living organism rather than to their anatomic structure.

[L. or G. physiologia, fr. G. physis, nature, + logos, study]

1. the science which deals with the functions of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical factors and processes involved.

2. the basic processes underlying the functioning of a species or class of organism, or any of its parts or processes.

the scientific study of phenomena involved in cell growth and maintenance, self-regulation and division of cells, interactions between nucleus and cytoplasm, and general behavior of protoplasm.

the study of disordered functions or of function in diseased tissues.

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Animal physiology | definition of Animal physiology by Medical dictionary

Grey’s Anatomy Season 15 Finale Preview: Who Will Die in …

Now PlayingCan the Grey's Anatomy cast read medical jargon?

Let's start with the good news: Grey's Anatomy has been renewed by ABC for two more seasons. To make things better, Link (Chris Carmack), Koracick (Gregg Germann), and Schmitt (Jake Borelli) will be sticking around at least for Season 16. Yay, celebrate!

Now we go on to the bad news: There's one episode left in Season 15, and some characters are going to die. We know this because it's a Grey's Anatomydisaster. After surviving a windstorm, a boat crash, a fire, a mass shooting, and more horrific events, the good doctors at Grey Sloan must now tackle ominous fog! It's also an odd-numbered season, which hardcore fans know is a curse for any doctor that was caught outside the hospital when the fog set in at the end of the penultimate episode.

Discover your new favorite show: Watch This Now!

The best way to prepare for the impending trauma might be to go ahead and assess the worst-case scenarios. TV Guide has no insider knowledge of the storyline, just 15 years of experience watching this show and some cold hard logic. There's no way every doctor is making it through this disaster, so who is going to be taken out by the fog, and who is going to make it to Season 16? Let's discuss.

Owen

Kevin McKidd, Grey's Anatomy

Where he was when the fog set in: Owen (Kevin McKidd) left Grey Sloan to go help Schmitt bring in an agoraphobic patient with the magic blood needed to save Teddy's (Kim Raver) and Karev's (Justin Chambers) young patient. They managed to get the woman in the car to get to the hospital, but that's when the fog set in, and Owen opened the car door to realize that cars were crashing into each other all over the road, and they were basically stuck waiting to be struck by some other vehicle.

But why?!: Blame Teddy, folks. Before we found out where Owen was, Teddy arrived at his house to tell him that she is still in love with him (shocker!). However, her water broke just as she started to make the confession to Amelia (Caterina Scorsone) and felt the need to emphasize it with, "I just needed to get that out before my daughter arrives." Well, that's a confession that is never going to make it to Owen, just because you said that, woman. She didn't even knock on wood! Thanks to the casting news, we know that Schmitt is going to make it out of Owen's car alive, and why would Koracick stick around for a season if Teddy is meant to get her happy ending with Owen? He wouldn't. Owen's a dead man, and McKidd will use his free time to hang out behind the scenes and direct more episodes. His death is a shame because that confession would have officially broken him out of the "I want kids, but no one wants them with me" rut he's been in since Cristina (Sandra O) left.

ABC's 2019-2020 Fall TV Lineup: What You Need to Know

Teddy

Kim Raver, Grey's Anatomy

Where she was when the fog set in: Please read above. She was starting labor in the backseat of Amelia's car.

They wouldn't, would they?: Oh, but they would. If Owen miraculously survives this situation, Teddy is definitely going down. "But they wouldn't kill her right as she becomes a mom!!" Tell that to April's (Sarah Drew) husband, Matthew, whose first wife died right after giving birth to their child. Grey's is really reluctant to kill small children, but moms have gotten some very tragic endings on that show. The fact that Koracick is sticking around helps improve Teddy's odds, but there's no way both she and Owen are going to make it through this finale.

Jackson

Jesse Williams, Grey's Anatomy

Where was he when the fog set in: Jackson (Jesse Williams) and Maggie (Kelly McCreary) spent most of the penultimate episode out in the wilderness on a camping trip. They were starting to pack up and planning how to get Maggie back to the car on her broken ankle (long story) when they unzipped their tent and saw the fog and thunder coming in.

Oh, come on: You'll be glad to know I was "How dare you"-ed by everyone in the TV Guide office when I even brought this up, but logic must prevail! We spent too much time with Jackson and Maggie on this camping trip for it not to turn into something significant. Maggie is already hurt, which makes it too easy for her to go. Trust she will get a lot worse before the fog clears up, but she won't be the one to die. Also, she's insanely close to Meredith (Ellen Pompeo), and I don't think the show is going to risk putting Meredith through another death of someone so close to her. If Maggie is safe for plot reasons, that means that Jackson is extremely vulnerable, if only to allow Williams more time to pursue his directorial ambitions and social justice work outside of the show.

DeLuca Made the Most Insane Gesture of Love on Grey's Anatomy, and We Are Not OK

At least one intern

Jaicy Elliot, Grey's Anatomy

Where they were when the fog set in: At the hospital, we think.

I don't need to explain this to you: But I will. Please name an intern that isn't Schmitt, and describe a significant storyline that they've had this season. Can't do it? They're fog bait.

Schmitt

Jake Borelli, Grey's Anatomy

Where were they when the fog set in: In the car where Owen is going to die.

Really?: Yes, even before Borelli's promotion news came in, Schmitt wasn't going to die because Grey's can't kill off one of their two gay male characters just weeks after initiating that relationship. Plus, Schmitt being in imminent danger is just the thing to get Nico (Alex Landi) to snap out of his funk.

How to Get Away with Murder Renewed for Season 6

DeLuca

Giacomo Gianniotti, Grey's Anatomy

Where he was when the fog set in: Heading to the police station to turn himself in for insurance fraud in order to protect Meredith.

So that makes him invincible: It wasn't 100 percent clear whether DeLuca and Catherine (Debbie Allen) actually made it out of the hospital before the fog set in. If he's still in the hospital, then Meredith's love interest who has given us the most butterflies since McDreamy (Patrick Dempsey) is definitely safe. Even if he and Catherine got stuck in the fog madness, it's hard to believe that Grey's would kill off a character that is bringing in so much delicious tension and romance for the leading lady. He just needs to be in a little bit of danger for Meredith to realize she wants to give him that "I love you" back.

Amelia

Caterina Scorsone, Grey's Anatomy

Where she was when the fog set in: Taking Teddy to the hospital to deliver her baby.

Are you serious?: Yes, which is shocking to me as well, because if you had asked me who was at the top of my death pool list a few months ago, Amelia would have been No. 1. Killing her seemed like a convenient way to allow Owen and Teddy to be together without anyone being screwed over but Amelia self-ejected from that love triangle and got herself a really nice thing going on with Link. Since Link just signed himself up for at least another year in Seattle, the TV Gods seem to be saying that Amelia is going to be the one who pulls through and gets her happy ending. You know, if she doesn't completely self-destruct over Owen's inevitable death.

Grey's Anatomy Renewed for Two Seasons Because We Deserve This

Who do you think is going to be lost to the fog in the Grey's Anatomy season finale? Answer in our poll below.

The Season 15 finale of Grey's Anatomy airs Thursday, May 16 at 8/7c.

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Grey's Anatomy Season 15 Finale Preview: Who Will Die in ...