Category Archives: Cell Biology

Cell Biology

IN8bio Reports Fourth Quarter and Full-Year 2022 Financial Results … – GlobeNewswire

NEW YORK, March 30, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- IN8bio, Inc. (Nasdaq: INAB), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company discovering and developing innovative gamma-delta T cell therapies, today announced financial results and operational highlights for the fourth quarter and full-year ended December 31, 2022. In addition, the Company provided an overview of recent corporate developments.

We are extremely pleased with the outstanding progress IN8bio has made in the past year and the encouraging clinical results we have observed across our gamma-delta T cell platform in both solid and liquid tumors," remarked William Ho, CEO and co-founder of IN8bio. "Our lead clinical programs, INB-100 and INB-200, continue to deliver promising outcomes with longer than expected relapse free and overall survival rates. Last year, we showcased our manufacturing, regulatory and clinical capabilities by filing and receiving clearance for our first corporate-sponsored IND from the FDA for INB-400. Additionally, our team remains committed to leveraging our profound knowledge of gamma-delta T cell biology to drive innovation in next-generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology. Most recently, we disclosed new preclinical data from our INB-300 platform, demonstrating a CAR construct that can differentiate between tumor and healthy tissue when both express the targeted antigen. We eagerly anticipate releasing additional clinical updates and unveiling our continued progress throughout this year.

Business Highlights and Recent Developments

Upcoming Pipeline Milestones and Events

Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2022 Financial Highlights

About IN8bio

IN8bio is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of gamma-delta T cell product candidates for solid and liquid tumors. Gamma-delta T cells are a specialized population of T cells that possess unique properties, including the ability to differentiate between healthy and diseased tissue. IN8bios DeltEx platform employs allogeneic, autologous, iPSC and genetically modified approaches to develop cell therapies, designed to effectively identify and eradicate tumor cells.

IN8bio is currently conducting two investigator-initiated Phase 1 clinical trials for its lead gamma-delta T cell product candidates: INB-200 for the treatment of newly diagnosed glioblastoma and INB-100 for the treatment of patients with leukemia undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. IN8bio plans to initiate INB-400, a company-sponsored Phase 2 clinical trial in newly diagnosed glioblastoma following IND clearance in late 2022. IN8bio also has a broad portfolio of preclinical programs focused on addressing other solid tumor types. For more information about IN8bio and its programs, please visitwww.IN8bio.com.

Forward Looking Statements

This press release may contain forward-looking statements made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may be identified by words such as aims, anticipates, believes, could, estimates, expects, forecasts, goal, intends, may, plans, possible, potential, seeks, will and variations of these words or similar expressions that are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. Forward-looking statements in this press release include, but are not limited to, statements regarding: the potential of IN8Bios DeltEx platform to develop cell therapies to effectively identify and eradicate tumor cells; future results in clinical data relating to the INB-100, 1NB-200 and INB-300 studies or the nsCAR platform; the nsCAR platforms potential to distinguish between tumor cells and healthy tissue; the timing, initiation, and readout of clinical data from IN8bios clinical trials, including expectations regarding enrollment and the timing of data therefrom; INB-300s ability to improve upon existing technologies; IN8bios ability to evaluate nsCAR programs in additional promising targets such as CD3 for AML; the potential of INB-100 to achieve long-lasting durable responses in patients with high-risk or relapsed hematologic malignancies; IN8Bios ability to identify potential clinical sites to participate in the multi-center Phase 2 clinical trial for INB-400; IN8bios ability to achieve planned milestones, including data readouts from its trials; and the ability of IN8Bio to develop new preclinical programs. IN8bio may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in these forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including: risks to site initiation, clinical trial commencement, patient enrollment and follow-up, as well as IN8bios ability to meet anticipated deadlines and milestones, presented by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic as well as rising inflation and regulatory developments; uncertainties inherent in the initiation and completion of preclinical studies and clinical trials and clinical development of IN8bios product candidates; the risk that IN8bio may not realize the intended benefits of its DeltEx platform; availability and timing of results from preclinical studies and clinical trials; whether the outcomes of preclinical studies will be predictive of clinical trial results; whether initial or interim results from a clinical trial will be predictive of the final results of the trial or the results of future trials; the risk that trials and studies may be delayed and may not have satisfactory outcomes; potential adverse effects arising from the testing or use of IN8bios product candidates; expectations for regulatory approvals to conduct trials or to market products; IN8bios reliance on third parties, including licensors and clinical research organizations; and other important factors, any of which could cause our actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements, are described in greater detail in the section entitled Risk Factors in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on November 10, 2022, as well as in other filings IN8bio may make with the SEC in the future. Any forward-looking statements contained in this press release speak only as of the date hereof, and IN8bio expressly disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether because of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise, except as otherwise required by law.

Company Contact:IN8bio, Inc.Patrick McCall+ 1 646.600.6GDT (6438)info@IN8bio.com

Investors & Media Contact:Argot PartnersIN8bio@argotpartners.com

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IN8bio Reports Fourth Quarter and Full-Year 2022 Financial Results ... - GlobeNewswire

Cell Biology

Mice play virtual reality games to reveal how memories are selected … – EurekAlert

video:This is a video showing a mouse performing a virtual reality task (right side of screen) while its neural activity is simultaneously recorded in three regions of the brain (left side of screen), the Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), hippocampus (HPC), and anteromedial thalamus (AM). view more

Credit: Toader, Regalado et al.

Neuroscientists watched the brains of mice as they played virtual reality games to elucidate how memory goes from its initial formation in the hippocampus to longer-term storage in the cortex. Reporting in the journal Cell on March 30, they found that the anterior thalamusa brain region not classically involved in models of memory consolidationis one essential stopover site where memories are processed and stabilized. By stimulating the anterior thalamus of mice while they were learning a virtual reality maze, the team was able to help mice retain memories that they would usually forget after a few weeks.

Weve identified a circuit in the brain that is important for identifying which memories are important and how they are filtered into longer-term storage, says Andrew Toader, who co-led the study alongside Josue Regalado (@josueregalado96), both graduate students at Rockefeller University. As soon as the mice begin learning a task, the thalamus is performing this selection process and choosing which memories will go on to be stabilized in the cortex long-term.

The team identified the anterior thalamus as a region of interest by recording the brain activity of mice while they were forming and stabilizing memories over weeks in a virtual reality maze. The researchers noticed that neural activity in the anterior thalamus was elevated by the end of training and persisted for several weeksthe same amount of time that it usually takes for memories to be reorganized and stored in the cortex.

In the virtual reality sessions, the mice traveled along a corridor that was projected on a screen in front of them while they ran on a rotating Styrofoam ball. The corridor led to a final room in which the mice encountered one of three possible outcomes in the real world: unlimited sugar water that they could lick from a spout in front of them; a few drops of sugar water from the same spout; or a puff of air to the face. The mice received different types of cuessounds, smells, and visual stimulialong the way to the final room that helped them learn the different scenarios and anticipate the reward (or brace themselves for an air puff) when they played the games again.

We structured the virtual reality tasks so that they required a lot of engagement from the mouse in order to start the trial, run through the mazes, and get the rewards, says Regalado. The more explicit and cognitive the task, the more were able to look at how the different brain regions are engaged.

After the mice learned the three different scenarios, the researchers tested their ability to remember and differentiate between them over the next few weeks. They assessed the strength of the mices memory based on how quickly the mice ran toward the final roomif they remembered correctly, the mice ran faster toward the sugar water and slower toward the air puffand how much they licked the sugar-water spout in anticipation of reward. At the same time, the researchers tested whether stimulating or inhibiting the hippocampus or anterior thalamus during training would impact a mouses ability to form memories and store them long term.

When the team inhibited the mices hippocampus during training, the mice failed to learn the different virtual reality routes and their associated outcomes, even in the short term. Inhibiting the anterior thalamus during training, however, did not impact the mices ability to learn or remember the task in the short term, but it did prevent them from committing it to long-term memory.

Furthermore, stimulating the anterior thalamus during training enhanced the mices ability to commit memories into long-term storage. This was especially true of the scenario in which the mice only received a few drops of sugar water, which is a nice, but not particularly memorable, experience. Without any stimulation, most mice forgot the route that led to this outcome, but stimulating the anterior thalamus helped them remember the way.

To further investigate the role of the thalamus memory storage, the team paired their virtual reality training program with new technology that allowed simultaneous imaging of single neurons in the hippocampus, thalamus, and cortex. We could follow these same neurons over time and trace the memory of a mouse from when they first form a memory to weeks and months later, says Regalado.

The researchers found that, while the hippocampus was equally activated during training for both the unlimited sugar water and few drops of sugar water scenarios, the thalamus preferentially stored information about the more memorable unlimited sugar water scenario. The thalamus sets up gradually increasing long-range interactions with cortex to stabilize these memories for long-term storage, says senior author Priya Rajasethupathy, a neuroscientist at Rockefeller.

Some memories are more important to us than others, says Rajasethupathy. We found that, not only do mice need the anterior thalamus to consolidate memories, but that by activating it, we could enhance consolidation of a memory that mice would usually forget.

The analogy would be your birthday dinner versus the dinner you had three Tuesdays ago, says Toader. Youre more likely to remember what you had on your birthday because its more rewarding for youall your friends are there, its excitingversus just a typical dinner, which you might remember the next day but probably not a month later.

Theres a lot more to understand about how this selection and stabilization occur, says Rajasethupathy. We think something like adrenaline or dopamine might be helping the thalamus to say, okay, this memory is important to me, thats not as important. And we still dont understand how punctuated or continuous the memory stabilization process is, whether it occurs in one or a few steps or evolves continuously over a lifetime.

###

This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Mathers foundation, and the Klingenstein foundation.

Cell, Toader, Regalado et al. Anteromedial Thalamus Gates the Selection & Stabilization of Long-Term Memories https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(23)00167-8 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.024

Cell (@CellCellPress), the flagship journal of Cell Press, is a bimonthly journal that publishes findings of unusual significance in any area of experimental biology, including but not limited to cell biology, molecular biology, neuroscience, immunology, virology and microbiology, cancer, human genetics, systems biology, signaling, and disease mechanisms and therapeutics. Visit: http://www.cell.com/cell. To receive Cell Press media alerts, contact press@cell.com.

Animals

Anteromedial Thalamus Gates the Selection andStabilization of Long-Term Memories

30-Mar-2023

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

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Mice play virtual reality games to reveal how memories are selected ... - EurekAlert

Cell Biology

A key mechanism that controls human heart development discovered – EurekAlert

image:A human cardiac organoid (Cardioid), one of the models the researchers used to reconstruct human cardiac development in 3D. Cardiac mesoderm stage human Cardioid visualizing Phalloidin (grey) and -catenin (Magenta). view more

Credit: Dr Deniz Bartsch

In humans, a specialized mRNA translation circuit predetermines the competence for heart formation at an early stage of embryonic development, a research team at the Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and the University of Colognes Cluster of Excellence in Aging Research CECAD led by Junior Professor Dr Leo Kurian has discovered. While it is well known that cardiac development is prioritized at the early stages of embryogenesis, the regulatory programme that controls the prioritization of the development of the heart remained unclear until now. Kurian and his team investigated how the prioritization of heart development is regulated at the molecular level. They found that the protein RBPMS (RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing) is responsible for the decision to make the heart by programming mRNA translation to approve future cardiac fate choice. The study is published under the title mRNA translational specialization by RBPMS presets the competence for cardiac commitment in Science Advances.

One out of 100 children born with a cardiac disease

A better understanding of human cardiac development is essential not only to determine the fundamental principles of self-organization of the human heart but also to reveal molecular targets for future therapeutic interventions for congenital and adult-onset cardiac disease.

Since the heart is the first functional organ to form in a developing embryo, any anomaly in early embryonic cell fate decisions needed for the development of the heart leads to catastrophic consequences, often resulting in the termination of pregnancy or lifelong suffering due to congenital heart diseases. In humans, approximately 30 percent of developing embryos terminate before implantation in the uterus, and about 25 percent fail during the transition from gastrulation (the early phase when the embryo begins to differentiate distinct cell lineages) to organogenesis (the phase that lasts until birth when all tissues and organs form and mature).

Often, the cause of embryo termination is impaired cardiovascular cell fate decisions and morphogenesis, the biological process by which a cell, a tissue or an organism develops its form. The failure to accurately specify cell fate and cell identity in a timely and robust manner results in developmental abnormalities and diseases. For example, 1 out of 100 children are born with congenital cardiac diseases, for the majority of which the causes are unknown.

To discover the regulatory programme behind heart development, the Kurian lab used embryonic stem cell-based models that recapitulate human cardiac fate decisions in a dish under chemically defined conditions. The use of human stem cell-derived models allows the team to identify human-specific attributes, which can be drastically different from other animals. The aim of this approach is to work with the most precise models closest to human biology and to minimize animal experiments.

Ribosomes as a regulatory hub to control cellular decision making

The team discovered that the competence for the future cardiac fate is preset in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by a specialized mRNA translation circuit controlled by the RNA binding protein RBPMS. RBPMS is recruited to active ribosomes, the molecular machine that produces proteins from mRNA. There, RBPMS controls the production of essential factors needed for the programme that triggers the stem cells to develop into heart cells.

Mechanistically, RBPMS has two functions. On the one hand, the protein interacts with components to promote the translation of mRNA to proteins; on the other hand, RBPMS selectively regulates the production of mesoderm signalling components in hESCs by binding to a specific site on the mRNA. The mesoderm is the middle layer of the three germ layers, from which the heart develops early on in embryos.

It is believed that through early contact with cardiogenic signals, the ability of stem cells to develop into future cardiac lineages is predetermined. This study shows that the RBPMS-mediated selective mRNA translation circuit approves the cellular abundance of morphogen signalling infrastructure required for cardiac mesoderm approval in hESCs. Thus, RBPMS sets up the future cardiac competence of hESCs by programming selective mRNA translation.

In summary, we present a model whereby the state of pluripotency is primed for differentiation into future cell lineages through specialized translation of the regulators of embryonic cell fate. Our work shows that RBPMS selectively programmes translation, i.e. the reading of mRNA and the production of proteins or mRNAs. This controls proteins and regulatory mRNAs that themselves code for important developmental regulators and are essential for deciding future cell fate, Dr Deniz Bartsch, first author of the study, explained.

Based on their findings, the team proposes translation specialization: a regulatory mechanism that primes ribosomes to control translation in time and/or space for a set of mRNAs required for future events in response to specific stimuli or fate transitions. This allows efficient division of labour among the approximately ten million ribosomes present in each cell, which are tasked with synthesizing about two million proteins per minute, so the flow of information is streamlined and, as they show, specialized. This study, therefore, reveals a central role for translational specialization in shaping cell identity during early lineage development and proposes that ribosomes act as a unifying hub for cellular decision-making rather than a mere protein factory.

The Kurian lab investigates the regulatory principles that govern cell fate and identity during human cardiac development, homeostasis and pathomechanisms of cardiac aging. The findings from this study laid the foundations for the ERC Consolidator Grant (TRANSCEND), awarded to the Kurian lab in 2022 by the European Research Council, which aims to understand the fundamental principles by which information from the DNA is accurately and selectively translated in time and space to program the development of the human heart and how its aberrations cause cardiac diseases.

Experimental study

Lab-produced tissue samples

mRNA translational specialization by RBPMS presets the competence for cardiac commitment

29-Mar-2023

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

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A key mechanism that controls human heart development discovered - EurekAlert

Cell Biology

Hamilton Thorne Reports Record Revenue and EBITDA for the … – GlobeNewswire

BEVERLY, Mass. and TORONTO, March 30, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Hamilton Thorne Ltd. (TSX-V: HTL), a leading provider of precision instruments, consumables, software and services to the Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART), research, and cell biology markets, today reported audited financial results for the fourth quarter and year-ended December 31, 2022.

Financial Highlights

David Wolf, President and Chief Executive Officer, of Hamilton Thorne Ltd. commented, 2022 was another successful year for Hamilton Thorne. With well above-market organic growth of 11% for the year and the quarter, we continue to gain market share. Reported sales of $58.2 million for the year and $16.4 million for the quarter continue to be negatively impacted by exchange rate fluctuations at our European and UK operations. These currency fluctuations in translating financial statements into the presentation currency (US dollar), reduced reported revenues by approximately 9% for the quarter and 7% for the year.

Sales were up across all of our product categories on a constant currency basis with equipment sales, leading the way with strong organic growth, augmented by the addition of IVFtech sales for a full year, Mr. Wolf added. We also completed a significant expansion of our product line, geographic coverage, and scale when we acquired Microptic at the end of November, expanding our product lines and establishing a direct sales footprint in Spain. I was particularly pleased to see our gross profit margins improving, primarily due to economies of scale, product mix and increased direct sales of our own products, augmented by the addition of higher-margin Microptic sales for one month. We also grew adjusted EBITDA to record levels, even as we navigated supply chain and inflation issues and continued to invest in sales and support resources, R&D, and enhancing our operations.

The Company generated approximately $1.8 million of cash from operations for the year despite significant investments in inventory to address supply chain issues, ending the year with cash on hand of $16.7 million and $3 million available under existing lines of credit, with an $8 million line of credit under renewal to further support its acquisition program.

All amounts are in US dollars, unless specified otherwise, and results, with the exception of Adjusted EBITDA, are expressed in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS").

Results of Operations for the Year-ended December 31, 2022

Hamilton Thorne sales increased 11% to $58,178,067 for the year-ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $5,825,279 from $52,352,788 during the previous year. Sales increased primarily due to a return to more normalized operations with many of our customers versus the COVID-19 affected results in the prior year, along with continued growth. Sales were also impacted by unfavorable exchange rate fluctuations. Constant currency sales were up 19%. Organic growth was 11% for the year.

Sales of equipment were up 21% due to the return to more normal operations and logistic in 2022 plus a full year of sales from the IVFtech acquisition. Service and consumable sales, which were up 4%, were significantly impacted, on a reported basis, by currency fluctuations.

Gross profit for the year increased 11% or $2,868,558 to $29,080,130 in the year-ended December31,2022, compared to $26,210 572 in the previous year, primarily as a function of sales growth. Gross profit as a percentage of sales was in line with prior year at 50%, due to increased sales of higher margin proprietary equipment, branded consumables and additional direct sales of products, partially offset by the increase of costs caused by the global situation that generated logistics bottlenecks and material shortages. We expect this might continue to a lesser extent over the coming quarters.

Operating expenses increased 20% or $4,394,605 to $26,788,919 for the year-ended December31,2022, up from $22,394,314 for the previous year, primarily due to the addition of IVFtech expenses for the full year, to M&A related expenses, integration expenses, continued investments in sales and support resources, increased share-based compensation, and increased travel and tradeshow expense as activity continued to return to pre-pandemic levels. The global situation that impacted our cost of goods sold during 2022, also impacted operating expenses and salary increases in particular.

Net interest expense increased $69,476 (19%) from $364,358 to $433,834 for the year-ended December 31, 2022 versus the prior year, primarily due to increased term debt to finance the IVFtech (July 2021) and Microptic acquisitions (November 2022), and the higher use of bank line of credit to fund working capital, partially offset by reduction in other term debts due to principal repayment, and interest earned on the Companys cash balances.

Net income decreased 22% to $1,910,594 for the year-ended December 31, 2022, versus $2,434,101 for the prior year, primarily due to increased operating expenses partially offset by a decrease in income taxes.

Adjusted EBITDA for the year-ended December 31, 2022 increased 3% to $10,085,600 (or 17% of Sales) versus $9,773,174 in the prior year, primarily due to more normalized operations in 2022 versus the revenue and gross profit challenges in the previous year attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic, somewhat offset by lower gross profit margins and planned increases in operating expenses in the period.

Results of Operations for the Fourth Quarter ended December 31, 2022

For the three months ended December 31, 2022, sales were up 5% from $15,621,524 to $16,427,917, or up 14% on constant currency, organic sales were up 11%. Gross profit was up 9% to $8,618,316 versus $7,918,738 for the prior year. Gross profit percentage increased from 50.7% to 52.5% for the quarter, primarily due to economies of scale, product mix and increased direct sales of our own products, augmented by the addition of higher-margin Microptic sales for one month. Operating expenses increased 16% to $7,701,277 versus $6,633,419 for the prior year primarily due to, increased staffing and increased trade show, travel and sales compensation expenses.

In the fourth quarter of 2022 the Companys net income increased 17% to $980,392 while Adjusted EBITDA increased 2% to $3,039,477 versus net income of $836,488 and Adjusted EBITDA of $2,972,066 for the prior year fourth quarter. These changes were due primarily to increased sales and gross profits offset by increased operating expenses.

See the Companys Management Discussion and Analysis for the periods covered for further information and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Net Income.

Outlook

Mr. Wolf continued, Looking forward into 2023, we continue to feel that our company is in a strong position. We expect solid sales performance, based on the positive trends in our field and as demand and growth in local currencies have returned to pre-pandemic levels in nearly every market that we serve. Q1 sales continued to be strong and supply chain issues appear to have lessened in recent months. We believe that we are well positioned to continue to execute on our strategy of driving long-term growth and EBITDA expansion by investing in our organic growth, while building scale, enhancing our product offerings, and expanding our geographic and direct sales footprint through acquisitions.

Francesco Fragasso, the Companys Chief Financial Officer added, Based on year-to-date trends in exchange rates, we see foreign currency headwinds easing in Q1 to somewhere between a 4% and 5% impact on reported results versus the 9% impact in Q4, and if this trend continues it should provide some tailwinds in the second half of the year.

Commenting on the Companys M&A activities, Mr. Wolf stated, We have an extensive pipeline and are actively working on multiple acquisition opportunities. With significant cash on hand, our unused line of credit, and further debt capacity, we are well positioned to continue to execute on our acquisition program.

Conference Call

The Company has scheduled a conference call on Thursday, March 30, 2023 at 9:00 a.m. EDT to review highlights of the results. All interested parties are welcome to join the conference call by dialing toll free 1-833-630-1956 in North America, or 1-412-317-1837 from other locations, and requesting the Hamilton Thorne Call. The Companys updated investor presentation and a recording of the call will be available on Hamilton Thornes website shortly after the call.

Financial Statements and accompanying Management Discussion and Analysis for the periods are available on http://www.sedar.com and the Hamilton Thorne website.

About Hamilton Thorne Ltd. (www.hamiltonthorne.ltd)

Hamilton Thorne is a leading global provider of precision instruments, consumables, software and services that reduce cost, increase productivity, improve results and enable breakthroughs in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART), research, and cell biology markets. Hamilton Thorne markets its products and services under the Hamilton Thorne, Gynemed, Planer, Tek-Event, IVFtech, Microptic, and Embryotech Laboratories brands, through its growing sales force and distributors worldwide. Hamilton Thornes customer base consists of fertility clinics, university research centers, animal breeding facilities, pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, and other commercial and academic research establishments.

Neither the TSX Venture Exchange, nor its regulation services provider (as that term is defined in the policies of the exchange), accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.

The Company has included Adjusted EBITDA, Organic Growth, and Constant Currency as non-IFRS measures, which are used by management as measures of financial performance. See sections entitled Use of Non-IFRS Measures and Results of Operations in the Companys Management Discussion and Analysis for the periods covered for further information and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Net Income.

Certain information in this press release may contain forward-looking statements. This information is based on current expectations that are subject to significant risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Actual results might differ materially from results suggested in any forward-looking statements. The Company assumes no obligation to update the forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those reflected in the forward-looking statements unless and until required by securities laws applicable to the Company. Additional information identifying risks and uncertainties is contained in filings by the Company with the Canadian securities regulators, which filings are available at http://www.sedar.com.

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Hamilton Thorne Reports Record Revenue and EBITDA for the ... - GlobeNewswire

Cell Biology

NEET UG 2023: Tips to prepare for Biology section to score high marks – The Indian Express

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Saurabh Kumar

National Eligibility cum Entrance Test, (NEET) is the gateway to medical and dental courses in India. This year the competitive entrance exam is set to take place on May 7 and with the Biology section being one of the most important sections of NEET, it is important for students to focus more on it to get a higher overall rank.

Candidates will get 4 marks for each correct answer while 1 mark will be deducted for every incorrect answer. The biology section is the lengthiest of the three as it alone carries a total of 100 questions, out of which 90 must be answered correctly. The physics and chemistry sections on the other hand, have a total of 50 questions each, with 45 questions from each section being required to be attempted.

There will be 200 questions in total, 180 of which must be answered with the total marks being 720.The duration of exam is 3 hours and 20 minutes.

The Biology syllabus consists of topics such as diversity in the living world, reproduction, ecology and environment, biology and human welfare, genetics and evolution, cell structure and function, plant physiology, structural organization Plants and animals, Biotechnology and its applications, Human physiology

Some tips on how to prepare for the Biology section of NEET UG 2023:

Focus on the higher-weightage topics:

It is essential for candidates to focus on the higher-weighted topics as they will help them score more. Some higher weighted topics include Human Physiology (45% weightage), Human Reproduction & Reproductive Health (18% weightage) along with Animal Diversity (10% weightage) and Cell Biology & Cell Division (10% weightage). It is essential for candidates to focus on such topics.

Practice past year papers:

One of the best ways to prepare for the NEET Biology section is to practice past year papers. This will give you an idea of the type of questions asked in the exam and the level of difficulty. Solving past year papers will also help you identify your weak areas and work on them.

Focus more on diagrams

Biology is a subject that involves a lot of diagrams. To score well in the NEET Biology section, it is important to focus on these diagrams. Practice drawing diagrams and label them correctly. Also, try to understand the significance of each diagram and graph.

Take mock tests daily:

Taking mock tests is another effective way to prepare for the Biology section of NEET. Mock tests simulate the actual exam environment and help you assess your preparation level. It also helps in improving your time management skills, which is crucial in the NEET exam.

Revision is the key:

Revision is an important aspect of NEET preparation. Revise the topics you have already covered at regular intervals with major focus being on crucial high-weightage topics. This will help you retain the information for a longer duration and improve your recall ability during the exam.

Preparing for the Biology section of NEET 2023 requires a systematic approach, dedication, and consistent efforts. It is important to have a clear understanding of the concepts and practice regularly. With the right preparation strategy, any student can ace the Biology section and secure a good rank in the NEET exam.

(The author is Chief Academic Officer, Vidyamandir Classes)

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NEET UG 2023: Tips to prepare for Biology section to score high marks - The Indian Express

Cell Biology

Czech-BioImaging Conference and Wilhelm Bernhard Workshop – Labmate Online

Participation is now being invited to two significant events organised by Czech BioImaging in 2023:

27th Wilhelm Bernhard Workshop on the Cell Nucleus, June 19-23, 2023, Prague; The Wilhelm Bernhard Workshop series is one of the leading meetings of its kind that connects researchers from the fields of the cell biology and pathology from around the world. We are inviting technology manufacturers to collaborate and help put science and research into practice.

CzechBioImaging Scientific Conference/ Imaging Priciples of Life October 3-4

The Annual Czech-BioImaging Scientific Conference, open to the Czech-BioImaging users and everyone interested in microscopy. The conference presents the most interesting results of the users obtained at imaging facilities involved in the Czech-BioImaging research infrastructure.

Further details and news of other events are available on the website.

More information online

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Czech-BioImaging Conference and Wilhelm Bernhard Workshop - Labmate Online

Cell Biology

Molecure Announces Full Year Financial 2022 Results A Year of … – BioSpace

Molecure Announces Full Year Financial 2022 Results A Year of Significant Progress

Warsaw, Poland 30 March 2023 Molecure S.A. (Molecure: WSE: MOC) a clinical stage biotechnology company that uses its world leading medicinal chemistry and biology capabilities to discover and develop first-in-class small molecule drug candidates that directly modulate unexplored protein and RNA targets to treat multiple incurable diseases, announces full year results for the period ended 31 December 2022. The full report in Polish can be found here.

Molecure has made significant progress over 2022, becoming a clinical stage biotechnology company preparing our two most advanced assets to start multi-center phase I and phase II studies respectively said Marcin Szumowski, CEO and President of the Management Board of Molecure. The decision to change our name to Molecure reflects our mission, vision and confidence in the clinical and market potential of our pipeline which we believe could make an important difference to patients with cancer and interstitial lung diseases. In recent weeks, we achieved an important milestone dosing the first cancer patient in a Phase I study with OATD-02, the first and only dual arginase inhibitor. This novel small molecule has been designed to treat a broad range of solid tumors as well as leukemia, particularly in combination with other anti-cancer therapeutics, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors."

OATD-01, a novel chitotriosidase 1 (CHIT1) inhibitor with disease modifying potential in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, is nearing the start of Phase II, with the first patient expected to be dosed in the second half of 2023. Positive results of this clinical proof-of-concept study in sarcoidosis may open doors to treatment of other Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILDs), including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) as well as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which represent significantly larger global patient populations. I am looking forward to data from this study which we hope will confirm the key role of CHIT1 inhibition as a new treatment pathway for diseases where chronic inflammation leads to tissue remodeling and fibrosis."

"We believe that a successful outcome to this study may mark an important value inflection milestone that will further enhance Molecures profile with both potential pharma partners and investors.

Investor Presentation

The Company's full year presentation to investors will be held on April 5, 2023 at 2:00 PM (CET) in an online meeting. Link here.

The meeting will be conducted in Polish and English with simultaneous translation. It is expected to last approximately 90 minutes. Selection of the meeting language will be available after joining the event.

Commercial & Operational Highlights

* Link to publication here.

Key organizational changes to drive the Company through its next phase of growth and clinical development

Important Post-period Highlights

Full Year Financial Highlights

ENDS

For further information, please contact:

Molecure S.A. (PR & IR) Marta Borkowska Email: m.borkowska@molecure.com

+(48) 728 728 143

MEDiSTRAVA Consulting (Financial PR) Frazer Hall, David Dible, Sandi Greenwood, Eleanor Perkin

molecure@medistrava.com

+44 (0)203 928 6900

About Molecure

Molecure is a clinical stage biotechnology company that uses its world leading medicinal chemistry and biology capabilities to discover and develop first-in-class small molecule drug candidates that directly modulate the function of underexplored protein and RNA targets to treat multiple incurable diseases.

Molecure has generated a diverse pipeline of seven distinct programs with the support of leading academic life science institutions globally, including Yale University, Rutgers University, the Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) in Ghent, the University of Michigan and the International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw (IIMCB).

Molecures most advanced in-house drug candidate is OATD-01, a first-in-class inhibitor of CHIT1 for the treatment of interstitial lung diseases, such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, that is Phase II ready. A Phase II trial in patients with sarcoidosis is expected to start in the second half of 2023.

Our second proprietary candidate is OATD-02, an oral, potent and selective first-in-class, dual arginase inhibitor (ARG1 and ARG2) for the treatment of cancer, which has advanced to Phase I clinical development in March 2023.

Molecures headquarters and laboratories are located in Warsaw, Poland with an additional laboratory facility in d. The company is listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (ticker: MOC).

For more information, please visit https://molecure.com

LinkedIn: Molecure| Twitter: @molecure_sa | YouTube: Molecure SA

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Molecure Announces Full Year Financial 2022 Results A Year of ... - BioSpace

Cell Biology

Study uncovers a unique, efficient method of copper delivery in cells – Phys.org

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A new study has uncovered a unique way in which the anti-cancer drug elesclomol enables copper delivery in cells, aiding in the search for treatments for copper deficiency disorders such as Menkes disease.

Menkes disease is an extremely rare hereditary copper-deficiency disorder in infants. It is characterized by progressive neurological injury culminating in death, typically by the age of three.

A Texas A&M AgriLife Research team led by Vishal Gohil, Ph.D., associate professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics in Texas A&M's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bryan-College Station, first discovered the therapeutic potential of elesclomol for treating copper deficiency disorders. Additionally, previous research by Gohil's team showed that elesclomol could be used effectively in a mouse model to treat Menkes disease.

The new study, "FDX1-dependent and independent mechanisms of elesclomol-mediated intracellular copper delivery," was recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a peer-reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences. The research was led by Gohil, with Mohammed Zulkifli, Ph.D., a research scientist in the same department, as the first author of the study.

The study was conducted in collaboration with scientists from the University of Houston, Oregon Health and Science University, University of Missouri and the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy multidisciplinary science and engineering research center.

Genetic defects in copper transport to copper-containing enzymes, referred to as "cuproenzymes," result in fatal disorders such as Menkes disease. No effective treatment is currently available for these copper deficiency disorders.

"To realize the full potential of elesclomol, it was necessary to gain a mechanistic understanding of how this drug makes copper available to different cellular cuproenzymes," Gohil said. "We needed to look at the mechanism by which copper brought into cells by elesclomol is released and delivered to cuproenzymes present in different subcellular compartments."

He said the study used a combination of biochemistry, cell biology and genetics to demonstrate that the release of copper from elesclomol occurs both inside and outside mitochondria. Vishal Gohil, Ph.D., left, and Mohammad Zulkifli, Ph.D., right, in the Gohil Laboratory at Texas A&M University. Credit: Texas A&M AgriLife photo by Michael Miller

Copper is an essential trace element required for the activity and stability of several cuproenzymes involved in a wide array of physiological processes.

"Copper is an essential micronutrient, and genetic mutations that prevent copper transport across cellular membranes or its delivery to cuproenzymes can result in lethal human disorders such as Menkes disease," Gohil said.

Currently, no Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies are available for treating Menkes disease. Additionally, direct administration of hydrophilic copper salts has shown limited efficacy in clinical trials.

"We hypothesized that this limited efficacy was likely due to inefficient copper delivery across cellular membranes, so there was an unmet need to identify compounds that can safely and effectively transport copper across biological membranes and restore cellular copper balance," Gohil said.

Previous research had shown that ferredoxin 1, FDX1, a mitochondrial enzyme, was the protein target of elesclomol. In the current study, Gohil and his team showed that FDX1 releases copper bound to elesclomol by reducing it to a form of copper cells can use. The study also showed that even when FDX1 was absent, elesclomol could still bring some copper into cells in other unknown ways.

Zulkifli said FDX1 can also help release copper from other clinically used copper-transporting drugs, but compared with elesclomol, these drugs are much less dependent on FDX1 to make the copper bioavailable to cuproenzymes.

"These modes of copper release by elesclomol are distinct from those of other currently used copper-transporting drugs," Zulkifli said. "This may explain the high potency of elesclomol in rectifying copper deficiency."

Previous studies by Gohil and his team have highlighted the therapeutic potential of elesclomol in treating diseases of copper deficiency. Some of this previous research also showed that elesclomol can restore the levels of cytochrome c oxidase protein complex, a critical copper-dependent enzyme required for mitochondrial energy production.

The Gohil lab also demonstrated that elesclomol improves copper deficiency in yeast, zebrafish and mouse models by delivering copper to mitochondria and restoring the function of the cytochrome c oxidase.

Additionally, the use of elesclomol to treat copper deficiency disorders is at the center of a licensing agreement between The Texas A&M University System, managed through the Intellectual Property and Commercialization office of Texas A&M AgriLife Research, and California-based Engrail Therapeutics.

More information: Mohammad Zulkifli et al, FDX1-dependent and independent mechanisms of elesclomol-mediated intracellular copper delivery, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2023). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216722120

Journal information: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Study uncovers a unique, efficient method of copper delivery in cells - Phys.org

Cell Biology

Fooling Biology: Can Synthetic Polymers Replace the Body’s … – SciTechDaily

Biological fluids are made up of hundreds or thousands of different proteins (represented by space-filling models above) that evolved to work together efficiently but flexibly. UC Berkeley polymer scientists are trying to create artificial fluids composed of random heteropolymers (threads inside spheres) with much less complexity, but which mimic many of the properties of the natural proteins (right), such as stabilizing fragile molecular markers. Credit: Zhiyuan Ruan, Ting Xu lab, UC Berkeley

The majority of life on Earth relies on polymers made up of 20 different amino acids, which have evolved into hundreds of thousands of specialized proteins. These proteins perform various functions such as catalyzing reactions, forming the backbone and muscles, and even generating movement.

However, is all this variety necessary? Can biology work just as effectively with a reduced number of building blocks and simpler polymers?

Ting Xu, a University of California, Berkeley, polymer scientist, thinks so. She has developed a way to mimic specific functions of natural proteins using only two, four, or six different building blocks ones currently used in plastics and found that these alternative polymers work as well as the real protein and are a lot easier to synthesize than trying to replicate natures design.

As a proof of concept, she used her design method, which is based on machine learning or artificial intelligence, to synthesize polymers that mimic blood plasma. The artificial biological fluid kept natural protein biomarkers intact without refrigeration and even made the natural proteins more resistant to high temperatures an improvement over real blood plasma.

The protein substitutes, or random heteropolymers (RHP), could be a game-changer for biomedical applications since a lot of effort today is put into tweaking natural proteins to do things they were not originally designed to do, or trying to recreate the 3D structure of natural proteins. Drug delivery of small molecules that mimic natural human proteins is one hot research field.

Instead, AI could pick the right number, type, and arrangement of plastic building blocks similar to those used in dental fillings, for example to mimic the desired function of a protein, and simple polymer chemistry could be used to make it.

In the case of blood plasma, for example, the artificial polymers were designed to dissolve and stabilize natural protein biomarkers in the blood. Xu and her team also created a mix of synthetic polymers to replace the guts of a cell, the so-called cytosol. In a test tube filled with artificial biological fluid, the cells nanomachines, the ribosomes, continued to pump out natural proteins as if they didnt care whether the fluid was natural or artificial.

Basically, all the data shows that we can use this design framework, this philosophy, to generate polymers to a point that the biological system would not be able to recognize if it is a polymer or if it is a protein, said Xu, UC Berkeley professor of chemistry and of materials science and engineering. We basically fool the biology. The whole idea is that if you really design it and inject your plastics as a part of an ecosystem, they should behave like a protein. If the other proteins are like, Okay, you are part of us, then thats OK.

The design framework also opens the door to designing hybrid biological systems, where plastic polymers interact smoothly with natural proteins to improve a system, such as photosynthesis. And the polymers could be made to naturally degrade, making the system recyclable and sustainable.

You start to think about a completely new future of plastic, instead of all this commodity stuff, said Xu, who is also a faculty scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

She and her colleagues published their results in the March 8 issue of the journal Nature.

Xu sees living tissue as a complex mix of proteins that evolved to work together flexibly, with less attention paid to the actual amino acid sequence of each protein than to the functional subunits of the protein, the places where these proteins interact. Just as in a lock-and-key mechanism, where it doesnt make much difference whether the key is aluminum or steel, so the actual composition of the functional subunits is less important than what they do.

And since these natural protein mixtures evolved randomly over millions of years, it should be possible to create similar mixtures randomly, with a different alphabet of building blocks, if you use the right principles to design and select them, relieving scientists of the need to recreate the exact protein mixtures in living tissue.

Nature doesnt do a lot of bottom-up, molecular, precision-driven design like we do in the lab, Xu said. Nature needs flexibility in order to get where it is. Nature doesnt say, lets study the structure of this virus and make an antigen to attack it. Its going to express a library of antigens and from there pick the one that works.

That randomness can be leveraged to design synthetic polymers that mix well with natural proteins, creating biocompatible plastics more easily than todays targeted techniques, Xu says.

Working with applied statistician Haiyan Huang, a UC Berkeley professor, the researchers developed deep learning methods to match natural protein properties with plastic polymer properties in order to design an artificial polymer that functions similarly, but not identically, to the natural protein. For example, in trying to design a fluid that stabilizes specific natural proteins, the most important properties of the fluid are the electric charges of the polymer subunits and whether or not these subunits like to interact with water that is, whether they are hydrophilic or hydrophobic. The synthetic polymers were designed to match those properties, but not other characteristics of the natural proteins in the fluid.

Huang and graduate student Shuni Li trained the deep learning technique a hybrid of classical artificial intelligence (AI) that Huang refers to as a modified variational autoencoder (VAE) on a database of about 60,000 natural proteins. These proteins were broken down into 50 amino acid segments, and the segment properties were compared to those of artificial polymers composed of only four building blocks.

With feedback from experiments by graduate student Zhiyuan Ruan in Xus lab, the team was able to chemically synthesize a random group of polymers, RHPs, that mimicked the natural proteins in terms of charge and hydrophobicity.

We look at the sequence space that nature has already designed, we analyze it, we make the polymer match to what nature already evolved, and they work, Xu said. How well you follow the protein sequence determines the performance of the polymer you get. Extracting information from an established system, such as naturally occurring proteins, is the easiest shortcut to enable us to tease out the right criteria for creating biologically compatible polymers.

Colleagues in the lab of Carlos Bustamante, UC Berkeley professor of molecular and cell biology, of chemistry, and of physics, performed single molecule optical tweezers studies and clearly showed that the RHPs can mimic how proteins behave.

Xu, Huang, and their colleagues are now trying to mimic other protein characteristics to reproduce in plastic the many other functions of natural amino acid polymers.

Right now, our goal is simply stabilizing proteins and mimicking the most basic protein functions, Huang said. But with a more refined design of the RHP system, I think its natural for us to explore enhancing other functions. We are trying to study what sequence compositions can be informative regarding the possible protein functions or behavior that the RHP can carry.

The design platform opens the door to hybrid systems of natural and synthetic polymers but also suggests ways to more easily make biocompatible materials, from artificial tears or cartilage to coatings that can be used to deliver drugs.

If you want to develop biomaterials to interact with your body, to do tissue engineering or drug delivery, or you want to do a stent coating, you have to be compatible with biological systems, Xu said. What this paper is telling you is: Here are the design rules. This is how you should interface with biological fluids.

Her ultimate goal is to totally rethink how biomaterials are currently designed because current methods focused primarily on mimicking the amino acid structures of natural proteins are not working.

The Food and Drug Administration hasnt approved any new material for polymer biomaterials for decades, and I think the reason is that a lot of synthetic polymers are not really working we are pursuing the wrong direction, she said. We are not letting the biology tell us how the material should be designed. We are looking at individual pathways, individual factors, and not looking at it holistically. The biology is really complicated, but its very random. You really have to speak the same language when dealing with materials. Thats what I want to share with the materials community.

Reference: Population-based heteropolymer design to mimic protein mixtures by Zhiyuan Ruan, Shuni Li, Alexandra Grigoropoulos, Hossein Amiri, Shayna L. Hilburg, Haotian Chen, Ivan Jayapurna, Tao Jiang, Zhaoyi Gu, Alfredo Alexander-Katz, Carlos Bustamante, Haiyan Huang and Ting Xu, 8 March 2023, Nature.DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05675-0

The study was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energys Office of Science, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundations Matter-to-Life initiative.

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Fooling Biology: Can Synthetic Polymers Replace the Body's ... - SciTechDaily

Cell Biology

Understanding how to better prescribe probiotics based on our individual microbiome profiles – News-Medical.Net

Bacteria have thousands of genes and functions that we, the human host, do not have. For instance, bacteria can help us digest fiber, provide support to our immune systems, and absorb important nutrients. But reaping the benefits of "good bacteria" is easier said than done.

At the moment, there are as many types of probiotics on the shelves as there are people on the planet. Having so many options at our disposal makes it difficult for the average consumer to know which ones are "the best" for our own bodies or ailments.

Microbiologists like Andrea Azcarate-Peril, PhD, who specializes in the study of the microbiome the collection of genomes from all microbes naturally living inside of us are trying to understand how to better prescribe probiotics based on our individual microbiome profiles.

Probiotics have been around for a very, very long time. We've studied them for decades. The problem is that some people will take probiotics, and they will do these miraculous things for them. But that doesn't work for everyone."

Azcarate-Peril, associate professor of medicine and nutrition in the School of Medicine at UNC

More FDA regulations on probiotics are necessary to ensure that consumers get what they pay for live active bacteria in their probiotics. Azcarate-Peril says that if you want to start boosting your microbiome more effectively and reliably, rotate your probiotics and consume a variety of fermented foods such as kimchi, kombucha, kefir, yogurt, and cheeses.

"Rotate the probiotics," said Azcarate-Peril, who is also a member of the Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease. "You don't need to marry to one probiotic. And most importantly, eat a lot of fermented foods. If you can tolerate lactose, that's what you want. You want to have real food that has plenty of non-pathogenic bacteria."

What she says next may cause you to re-think your next trip to your nearest fast-food chain.

Let's say you're making your own burger at home. You form the beef patty, wash, and cut up a few pieces of tomato and lettuce. Even after giving it a good rinse, fresh vegetables still have a healthy number of bacteria on it enough to re-seed your microbiome.

If you go and get the same thing from a fast-food chain, you are likely missing out on those healthy bacteria because of the food preparation process.

"From the origin of the raw materials, how the food is produced, and with added preservatives to make them last longer" said Azcarate-Peril. "This is understandably because they don't want to make someone sick with a food-borne disease." But this process also limits the intake of foods that feed a microbiome to keep it balanced.

Azcarate-Peril is also director of the UNC Microbiome Core, which provides UNC-Chapel Hill's research community with the facilities and expertise to characterize complex microbial communities and microbial interactions. The core has a number of projects going on at the moment.

Our brains experience three stages of cognitive aging: successful aging, which involves no loss of mental function; normal cognitive decline, which includes occasional forgetfulness or loss of things; and dementia or Alzheimer's disease.

There is a multi-year window in which one may be able to delay cognitive decline before normal cognitive aging and dementia set in. Azcarate-Peril and John Gunstad, PhD, of Kent State University, conducted a randomized clinical trial in middle-aged and older adults to see if there was a correlation between probiotics and mild cognitive impairment.

In their study, they found that patients who were given Lactobacillus rhamnosus had a decrease in the relative abundance of the Prevotella and Dehalobacterium bacterium, which coincided with an improved cognitive score. In light of this new correlation, the researchers are trying to determine if Prevotella and Dehalobacterium are inherently "good" or "bad" for cognition. As for right now, they cannot say if the bacterium causes anything.

"If we are able to modulate the gut microbiota, during that window of opportunity, maybe we can delay conditions such as dementia or Alzheimer's," said Azcarate-Peril. "But we will have to see."

The only organ that can not be transplanted from one body to another is the intestine.

Since fecal samples are simple to collect and tests are non-invasive, many studies use them to study the gut microbiome. Fecal bacteria, on the other hand, are frequently transitory and just move through the intestines without taking hold. This may not be entirely representative of the bacteria that lives in the small intestine, which represents twenty-two feet of intestinal wall that bacteria can attach to.

Azcarate-Peril is in collaboration with Scott Magness, PhD, an associate professor in the UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering and in the UNC Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, to better study intestinal tissues and the microbiome with a little bit of bioengineering. Using a small piece of donated intestinal tissue, Magness is able to collect stem cells and grow organoids, while Azcarate-Peril is able to collect the microbes from the intestine.

"Now we can study what's in there and what is happening in the small intestine," said Azcarate-Peril. "It's super interesting, because now we have enough donors, and we can start making some generalizations. And this is super exciting, because there are only a few studies on the microbiome of the small intestine."

Overall, Azcarate-Peril says that if your tummy is happy, you're happy. If your tummy is not happy, you're not happy.

Source:

Journal reference:

Aljumaah, M. R., et al. (2022). The gut microbiome, mild cognitive impairment, and probiotics: A randomized clinical trial in middle-aged and older adults.Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.09.012.

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Understanding how to better prescribe probiotics based on our individual microbiome profiles - News-Medical.Net