Category Archives: Cell Biology

Replay establishes distinguished Scientific Advisory Board of genomic medicine and cell therapy … – The Bakersfield Californian

Replay establishes distinguished Scientific Advisory Board of genomic medicine and cell therapy experts

San Diego, California and London, UK, October 17, 2022 Replay, a genome writing company reprogramming biology by writing and delivering big DNA, today announced that it has established a scientific advisory board (SAB) comprising ten experts across a broad range of areas of scientific importance in genomic medicine and cell therapy.

The newly formed SAB will provide input into Replays strategy, portfolio of next-generation genomic and cell therapy medicines, and associated technology platforms. The SAB complements Replays industry seasoned management team and board.

Adrian Woolfson, Executive Chairman, President and Co-founder of Replay, commented: The multi-disciplinary nature of our scientific advisory board reflects Replays commitment to invoking innovation from a broad range of scientific specialties and leveraging this across our research and development programs. Our new advisors represent some of the best scientific minds of their generation and bring a unique and differentiated portfolio of expertise into the Company. Their contribution to Replay will be invaluable as we continue to address some of the most significant challenges in genomic medicine and cell therapy.

Lachlan MacKinnon, Chief Executive Officer and Co-founder of Replay, added: Following on from our recent launch, the formation of our uniquely distinguished scientific advisory board further demonstrates Replays commitment to developing a cutting-edge portfolio of medicines guided by world-class science. The combined inter-disciplinary expertise of our scientific advisory board brings tremendous knowledge and experience into the Company as we continue to expand our operations, with a view to developing transformative genomic medicines.

Replays SAB will be chaired by Professor Roger Kornberg, PhD, a biochemist whose laboratory work has focused on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription and in particular the structure of RNA polymerase and the nucleosome.

Professor Roger Kornberg, PhD, Chairman of Replays Scientific Advisory Board, said: Replays scientific advisory board incorporates expertise across several areas relevant to Replays genomic medicine and cell therapy technology platforms. I am excited to be working with this exceptional group of scientists and believe we can make a compelling contribution and help Replay realize its vision for genomic medicine.

Replays SAB members are as follows:

Professor Roger D. Kornberg PhD (Chairman), is the Winzer Professor of Medicine in the Department of Structural Biology at Stanford University School of Medicine. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2006).

Professor Carl H. June, MD, is the Richard W. Vague Professor in Immunotherapy in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. He is Director of the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Director of the Center for Cellular Immunotherapies at the Perelman School of Medicine, and Director of Translational Research at the Abramson Cancer Center. He was the co-founder of TMunity.

Professor Robert S. Langer, ScD, FREng,is one of 12 Institute Professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), co-founder of Moderna, and was formerly Chair of the FDAs Science Board. He has been awarded 40 honorary doctorates, written over 1,500 articles, and received over 220 awards.

Professor Lynne E. Maquat, PhD, is the J. Lowell Orbinson Endowed Chair and Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, and founding Director of the Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester NY. She was awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine from Israel (2021) and the Warren Alpert Foundation Prize from Harvard Medical School (2021).

Professor Dame Carol Robinson, DBE FRS FMedSci FRSC, is the Dr Lees Professor of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, the Founding Director of the Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery at Oxford, and a Founder of OMass Therapeutics. She is a Professorial Fellow at Exeter College, Oxford, and was formerly President of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Professor David V. Schaffer, PhD, is the Hubbard Howe Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, and Neuroscience at the University of California, Berkeley, where he is Director of theBakar BioEnginuity Hub and Director of the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3). He was the co-founder of 4D Molecular Therapeutics, Ignite Immunotherapies, Rewrite, and 5 additional companies.

Professor Stuart L. Schreiber, PhD, is the Morris Loeb Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Harvard University. He is a co-founder of the Broad Institute at Harvard University and MIT and co-founder of Harvards Institute of Chemistry and Cell Biology. He was awarded the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (2016).

Professor Pamela Silver, PhD, is the Elliot T. and Onie H. Adams Professor of Biochemistry and Systems Biology in the Department of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School, and a founding member of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard Medical School.

Professor Sir John E. Walker, FRS FMedSci, is Emeritus Director and Professor at the MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit at the University of Cambridge, England, and a fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1997).

Professor John Fraser Wright, PhD, is Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, and Director of Technology Innovation at the Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine at Stanford University. He is co-founder and was Chief Technology Officer at Spark Therapeutics and is co-founder and Chief Scientific Advisor at Kriya Therapeutics.

Ends

About Replay

Replay is a genome writing company, which aims to define the future of genomic medicine through reprogramming biology by writing and delivering big DNA. The Company has assembled a toolkit of disruptive platform technologies including a high payload capacity HSV platform, a hypoimmunogenic cell therapy platform, and a genome writing platform to address the scientific challenges currently limiting clinical progress and preventing genomic medicine from realizing its full potential. The Companys hub-and-spoke business model separates technology development within Replay from therapeutic development in product companies that leverage its technology platforms. For example, Replays synHSV technology, a high payload capacity HSV vector capable of delivering up to 30 times the payload of AAV, is utilized by Replays four gene therapy product companies, bringing big DNA treatments to diseases affecting the skin, eye, brain, and muscle. The Company has, additionally, established an enzyme writing product company that leverages its evolutionary inference machine learning and genome writing technology to optimize enzyme functionality. Replay is led by a world-class team of academics, entrepreneurs, and industry experts.

The Company raised $55 million in seed financing in July 2022 and is supported by an international syndicate of investors including: KKR, OMX Ventures, ARTIS Ventures, and Lansdowne Partners.

Replay is headquartered in San Diego, California, and London, UK. For further information please visit http://www.replay.bio and follow us on LinkedIn and Twitter.

Contacts:

Replay

Dr Adrian Woolfson/Lachlan MacKinnon

info@replay.bio

Consilium Strategic Communications Media relations

Amber Fennell/Tracy Cheung/Andrew Stern

replay@consilium-comms.com

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Replay establishes distinguished Scientific Advisory Board of genomic medicine and cell therapy ... - The Bakersfield Californian

Cell Isolation Global Market Report 2022: Increasing Emphasis on Cell-Based Research Bolstering Growth – PR Newswire

DUBLIN, Oct. 18, 2022 /PRNewswire/ --The "Cell Isolation Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2022-2027" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The global cell isolation market size reached US$ 10.3 Billion in 2021. Looking forward, the publisher expects the market to reach US$ 24.6 Billion by 2027, exhibiting a CAGR of 15.62% during 2021-2027. Keeping in mind the uncertainties of COVID-19, we are continuously tracking and evaluating the direct as well as the indirect influence of the pandemic on different end use sectors. These insights are included in the report as a major market contributor.

Cell isolation, or separation, refers to the process of identifying and removing one or more specific cells from a heterogeneous mixture of cell population. The targeted cells are identified, isolated and separated according to their type. Some commonly used methods for cell isolation include magnet-activated cell separation, filtration, centrifugation and flow cytometry.

Cell isolation is also used to diagnose diseases, cellular research and therapies by analyzing the ribonucleic acid (RNA) expressions. It aids in minimizing experimental complexity while analyzing the cells and reducing the interference from other cell types within the sample. As a result, it finds extensive application in cancer research, stem cell biology, immunology and neurology.

Cell Isolation Market Trends:

Significant growth in the medical and pharmaceutical industries is one of the key factors creating a positive outlook for the market. Furthermore, increasing emphasis on cell-based research is providing a thrust to the market growth. Researchers actively utilize isolated cells to develop novel cell therapies and cell-based treatments for various chronic medical ailments. Pharmaceutical manufacturers are also widely using cell isolation technologies to improve drug discovery and develop drugs with enhanced efficacies. In line with this, the increasing requirement for personalized medicines is also contributing to the growth of the market.

Additionally, the development of advanced separation tools for proteins, nucleic acids, chromatin and other complex cells for subsequent analysis is also contributing to the growth of the market. Other factors, including extensive research and development (R&D) activities in the field of biotechnology, along with the implementation of favorable government policies, are anticipated to drive the market toward growth.

Key Market Segmentation

Breakup by Technique:

Breakup by Cell Type:

Breakup by Product:

Breakup by Application:

Breakup by End Use:

Breakup by Region:

Key Questions Answered in This Report:

Key Topics Covered:

1 Preface

2 Scope and Methodology

3 Executive Summary

4 Introduction

5 Global Cell Isolation Market

6 Market Breakup by Technique

7 Market Breakup by Cell Type

8 Market Breakup by Product

9 Market Breakup by Application

10 Market Breakup by End Use

11 Market Breakup by Region

12 SWOT Analysis

13 Value Chain Analysis

14 Porters Five Forces Analysis

15 Price Analysis

16 Competitive Landscape

Companies Mentioned

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/a39mjl

Media Contact:

Research and MarketsLaura Wood, Senior Manager[emailprotected]

For E.S.T Office Hours Call +1-917-300-0470For U.S./CAN Toll Free Call +1-800-526-8630For GMT Office Hours Call +353-1-416-8900

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Cell Isolation Global Market Report 2022: Increasing Emphasis on Cell-Based Research Bolstering Growth - PR Newswire

Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market Will Radically Change Globally in Next Eigth Years | Illumina, Inc., Fludigim Corporation, Thermo Fisher…

Coherent Market Insightshas announced new analysis on Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market Status 2022-2028 which has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts and top vendors in the business. The report covers the market landscape and its development prospects over the coming years. The report also contains a discussion of the key vendors operating in this market.

The market analysis report speaks about thegrowth rate ofSingle Cell Genome Sequencing markettill2028 manufacturing process,key factorsdriving this market withsales, revenue, and price analysisof top manufacturers of Market,distributors, traders and dealersofSingle Cell Genome SequencingMarket.

Single cell genome sequencing involves isolating a single cell and amplifying and sequencing genes within that single cell. Sequencing single cell carries significant importance as individual cells can differ at great extent in size, protein levels, and expressed RNA transcripts. These variations could provide important insights about several research applications such as cancer research, stem cell biology, immunology, developmental biology, and neurology. Single-cell analysis enables a closer view of the gene expression of individual cells to understand their functions in complex tissues.

Kits and instruments based on technological platform such asNext Generation Sequencing (NGS), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and others provide high-throughput sequencing of individual cells. Single cell sequencing has significantly evolved with in-depth understanding of genomes and increasing genomic research to trace the root cause of many chronic diseases.

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Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market study consists of market space, opportunities and threats faced by vendors in the Single Cell Genome Sequencing Industry, opportunities, industry risk, and market overview. The process is thoroughly investigated in three areas: suppliers of raw materials and equipment, various production-related expenses (material costs, labour costs, and so on), and the actual process.

Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market studies provide a thorough modest picture of the market position and company profiles of the major competitors operating in the global market. It also provides a summary of product specifications, production analysis, technology, and product type, while taking into account essential factors such as gross, gross margin, revenue, and cost structure. By providing a detailed image of this market, the study assists the user in strengthening their decisive capacity to plan strategic steps to begin or expand their company.

If you are or plan to be active in the Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market, this study will provide you with a comprehensive outlook. It is critical that you keep your industry information current and organised by major corporations. If you have a distinct set of players/manufacturers based on geography, or if you require regional or country split data, we can customise reports to meet your needs.

Major Players Are:Illumina, Inc., Fludigim Corporation, Thermo Fisher Scientific, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Inc., QIAGEN, Bio-Rad Laboratories, 10x Genomics, Novogene, BGI, Oxford Nanopore Technologies, and Pacific Biosciences

Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market Dynamics

Single cell genome sequencing is one of most focused area of research for finding cure for chronic disease such as cancer as it could help to observe tumor microenvironment. According to World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is one of leading non-communicable disease and second leading cause of death, worldwide. According to a report by International Age for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2012, around 14.1 million new cases of cancer were registered with around 8.8 million death and around 32.6 million people are living with cancer in the year 2012.

Introduction of new therapies for the treatment of cancer such as personalized medicine (Immuno-oncology and others.) is expected to increase the adaption ofsingle cellgenomic sequencing for advancing research in order to observe cellular level changes in cancer cells.

Furthermore, application of single cell genomic sequencing in other diseases such as immune system disorder and infectious diseases (Tuberculosis, meningococcal disease, and others.) is a key factor contributing to the market growth. According to statistics given by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017 Vital Signs, around 54.4 million U.S. adults suffer from arthritis which is equivalent to 25% of the U.S. population. Rheumatoid arthritis which is leading autoimmune disorder holds significant share in the overall arthritis prevalence.

Continuous development in sequencing technologies is further expected to propel growth of the single cell genome sequencing market. PCR and next generation sequencing are rapidly emerging as preferred technology for several applications including single cell genomic sequencing. For instance, Oxford Nanopore, in 2017, launched two sequencing kits for direct or PCR cDNA analysis that facilitate easy use and provide results in reduced time and cost.

Several collaborations amongst commercial companies and academic and research institutes is expected to propel the single cell genome sequencing market growth. For instance, in 2015, three single cell genomics centers were started in Sweden, Australia and the U.Swith an objective to facilitate R&D activities in single cell genome sequencing. The center in Australia was started with collaboration of Monash University, the University of Melbourne, the University of Newcastle and the Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and Fluidigm Corporation.

Major Point cover in this Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market report are:

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Key Points :

Companies are focused on new product launches and collaborations to extend their market share. For instance,

Detailed Segmentation:

On the basis of product type:

On the basis of technology:

On the basis of end users:

Reasons to buy this Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market Report

The following section also discusses the supply-demand gap. Aside from the previously mentioned information, the growth rate of the Single Cell Genome Sequencing market in 2028 is also explained. Additionally, consumption tables and figures for the Single Cell Genome Sequencing market are provided by type and application.

Points cover in Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market Research Report:

Chapter 1: Overview of Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market (2022-2028)

Definition Specifications Classification Applications Regions

Chapter 2: Market Competition by Players/Suppliers 2022 and 2028

Manufacturing Cost Structure Raw Material and Suppliers Manufacturing Process Industry Chain Structure

Chapter 3: Sales (Volume) and Revenue (Value) by Region (2022-2028)

Sales Revenue and market share

Chapter 4, 5 and 6: Global Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market by Type, Application & Players/Suppliers Profiles (2022-2028)

Market Share by Type & Application Growth Rate by Type & Application Drivers and Opportunities Company Basic Information

Chapter 7, 8 and 9: Single Cell Genome Sequencing Manufacturing Cost, Sourcing & Marketing Strategy Analysis

Key Raw Materials Analysis Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing Marketing Channel

Chapter 10 and 11: Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market Effect Factors Analysis and Market Size (Value and Volume) Forecast (2022-2028)

Technology Progress/Risk Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (by Type, Application & Region)

Chapter 12, 13, 14 and 15: Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source

Methodology/Research Approach Data Source (Secondary Sources & Primary Sources) Market Size Estimation

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Coherent Market Insights is a global market intelligence and consulting organization that provides syndicated research reports, customized research reports, and consulting services. We are known for our actionable insights and authentic reports in various domains including aerospace and defense, agriculture, food and beverages, automotive, chemicals and materials, and virtually all domains and an exhaustive list of sub-domains under the sun. We create value for clients through our highly reliable and accurate reports. We are also committed in playing a leading role in offering insights in various sectors post-COVID-19 and continue to deliver measurable, sustainable results for our clients.

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Single Cell Genome Sequencing Market Will Radically Change Globally in Next Eigth Years | Illumina, Inc., Fludigim Corporation, Thermo Fisher...

Berkeley Lights to Report Third Quarter 2022 Financial Results on November 8, 2022 – Berkeley Lights (NAS – Benzinga

EMERYVILLE, Calif., Oct. 18, 2022 /PRNewswire/ --Berkeley Lights, Inc. BLI, a leader in digital cell biology, today announced that the Company will be reporting financial results for the third quarter 2022 after market on Tuesday, November 8, 2022. Company management will be webcasting a corresponding conference call beginning at 1:30 p.m. Pacific Time / 4:30 p.m. Eastern Time.

Live audio of the webcast will be available on the "Investors" section of the Company's website at http://www.berkeleylights.com. The webcast will be archived and available for replay after the event.

About Berkeley Lights

Berkeley Lights is a leading digital cell biology company focused on enabling and accelerating the rapid development and commercialization of biotherapeutics and other cell-based products for our customers. The Berkeley Lights Platform captures deep phenotypic, functional, and genotypic information for thousands of single cells in parallel and can also deliver the live biology customers desire in the form of the best cells. Our platform is a fully integrated, end-to-end solution, comprising proprietary consumables, including our OptoSelect chips and reagent kits, advanced automation systems, and application software. We developed the Berkeley Lights Platform to provide the most advanced environment for rapid functional characterization of single cells at scale, the goal of which is to establish an industry standard for our customers throughout their cell-based product value chain.

Forward-Looking Statements

To the extent that statements contained in this press release are not descriptions of historical facts regarding Berkeley Lights or its products, they are forward-looking statements reflecting the current beliefs and expectations of management. Such forward-looking statements involve substantial known and unknown risks and uncertainties that relate to future events, and actual results and product performance could differ significantly from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Berkeley Lights undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements. For a further description of the risks and uncertainties relating to the Company's growth and continual evolution see the statements in the "Risk Factors" sections, and elsewhere, in our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

SOURCE Berkeley Lights, Inc.

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Berkeley Lights to Report Third Quarter 2022 Financial Results on November 8, 2022 - Berkeley Lights (NAS - Benzinga

Cloud Computing in Cell Biology, Genomics and Drug Development Market size was valued at USD 2.6 Billion in 20 – openPR

The global Cloud Computing in Cell Biology, Genomics and Drug Development market size was valued at USD 2.6 billion in 2021 growing at the CAGR of 24% from 2022 to 2032. Evolve Business Intelligence provides an in-dept research study that contains the ability to focus on the major market dynamics in several region across the globe. Moreover, a details assessment of the market is conducted by our analysts on various geographic including North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa to provide clients with opportunity to dominate the emerging markets. The Cloud Computing in Cell Biology, Genomics and Drug Development market study includes growth factors, restraining factors, challenges, and Opportunities which allows the businesses to assess the market capability of the industry. The report delivers market size from 2020 to 2032 with forecast period of 2022 to 2032. The report also contains revenue, production, sales consumption, pricing trends, and other factors which are essential for assessing any market. Request Free Sample Report or PDF Copy: https://report.evolvebi.com/index.php/sample/request?referer=openpr.com&reportCode=016017

Key Highlights:The global Cloud Computing in Cell Biology, Genomics and Drug Development market size was valued at USD 2.6 billion in 2021 growing at the CAGR of 24% from 2022 to 2032.North America dominated the market in 2021Asia Pacific is expected to grow at a highest CAGR from 2022 to 2032

Key PlayersThe Cloud Computing in Cell Biology, Genomics and Drug Development market report gives comprehensive information about the company and its past performance. The report also provides a detail market share analysis along with product benchmarking with key developments.The key players profiled in the report are:Google Inc.Oracle CorporationAmazon Web Services, Inc.BenchlingIBM Corp.Dell EmcArisglobalMicrosoft Corp.Cisco SystemsCognizant

The Global Cloud Computing in Cell Biology, Genomics and Drug Development report also includes information on company profiles, product descriptions, revenue, market share data, and contact details for several regional, global, and local companies. Due to increased technological innovation, R&D, and M&A operations in the sector, the market is becoming more popular in particular niche sectors. Additionally, a large number of regional and local vendors in the Cloud Computing in Cell Biology, Genomics and Drug Development market provide specialised product offerings according to geographical regions in keeping with the global manufacturing footprint. Due to the reliability, quality, and technological modernity of the worldwide suppliers, it is difficult for the new market entrants to compete.COVID ImpactIn terms of COVID 19 impact, the Cloud Computing in Cell Biology, Genomics and Drug Development market report also includes the following data points:COVID19 Impact on Cloud Computing in Cell Biology, Genomics and Drug Development market sizeEnd-User/Industry/Application Trend, and PreferencesGovernment Policies/Regulatory FrameworkKey Players Strategy to Tackle Negative Impact/Post-COVID StrategiesOpportunity in the Cloud Computing in Cell Biology, Genomics and Drug Development market

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Scope of the Report:Market Segment By Type:oPublic CloudoPrivate CloudoHybrid Cloud

Market Segment By Application:oPharmaceutical and Biotechnology CompaniesoContract Research Organizations (CROs)oClinical LaboratoriesoHospitals and Research InstitutesoOthers

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Key Region/ Countries CoveredNorth America (US, Canada, Mexico)Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Rest of Europe)Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Rest of Asia Pacific)Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of MEA)Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Rest of Latin America)

Reasons to Buy this Report:Detail analysis of the impact of market drivers, restraints, and opportunitiesCompetitive Intelligence providing the understanding about the ecosystemDetails analysis of Total Addressable Market (TAM) of your productsInvestment Pockets and New Business OpportunitiesDemand-supply gap analysisStrategy Planning

Contact Us:Evolve Business IntelligenceIndiaContact: +1 773 644 5507 (US) / +441163182335 (UK)Email: sales@evolvebi.comWebsite: http://www.evolvebi.com

About EvolveBIEvolve Business Intelligence is a market research, business intelligence, and advisory firm providing innovative solutions to challenging the pain points of a business. Our market research reports include data useful to micro, small, medium, and large-scale enterprises. We provide solutions ranging from mere data collection to business advisory.Evolve Business Intelligence is built on account of technology advancement providing highly accurate data through our in-house AI-modelled data analysis and forecast tool - EvolveBI. This tool tracks real-time data including, quarter performance, annual performance, and recent developments from fortune's global 2000 companies.

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Cloud Computing in Cell Biology, Genomics and Drug Development Market size was valued at USD 2.6 Billion in 20 - openPR

The Long and Winding Road to Eukaryotic Cells – The Scientist

This year, University of Paris-Saclay biologist Purificacin Lpez-Garca embarked with colleagues on a journey into lifes ancient past. The researchers traveled to the altiplanos of the northern Atacama Desert, high-altitude stretches of rocky soil and shrubbery in South America that are among the driest places in the world. Despite their inhospitable reputation, these plateaus may hold clues about the very origins of complex life. Amidst the dunes and barren mountains, there are pockets of lifewarm, briny pools crusted over with colorful microbial mats of cyano-bacteria and archaea stacked atop one another like crepes. Long before Earth resembled its current state, Lpez-Garca says, these microbial mats were the forests of the past, adding that scientists now use these clumps of microscopic life as analogs of past ecosystems that certainly occurred at the time when eukaryotes first appear[ed].

Each layer of these living mats is composed of different types of microbes that rely upon one another. At the surface, where light and oxygen are plentiful, photosynthesizing cyanobacteria dominate, while just below, heterotrophs that can persist in low-oxygen environments feed on their byproducts. Deeper down, the mats become dark and smelly, the result of the sulfate reducers and methanogens that populate these oxygen-bereft zones. Here, these partnerships become even more essential, with the castoffs of one group serving as fuel for another.

These close metabolic associations between organisms, a type of symbiosis known as syntrophy, may have prefaced the evolution of complex life by creating alliances that turned permanent over time, Lpez-Garca says. In this way, individuals of different microbial species could have nested within one another to create a host with one or even several symbionts. This is exactly what scientists suspect happened to form a whole new type of cell, the eukaryote, which thrived and subsequently diversified into the macroscopic array of life we see today, including humans. So-called eukaryogenesis is not defined the same way by all researchers, but broadly, the term describes an evolutionary surge toward increasing cellular complexity between 1 and 2 billion years ago.

[Eukaryogenesis is] arguably one of the most important events in the history of life, after the origin of life itself.

Daniel Mills, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt Mnchen

During this time, some of the defining characteristics of modern eukaryotic cellsthe nucleus, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, and chloroplasts, among othersmade their debut. These occurred between the first and last common ancestors of all living eukaryotes, known by their acronyms, FECA and LECA, respectively. Most of the details of these evolutionary leaps, however, remain unsettled. Researchers do not uniformly agree on which branch of life eukaryotes sprang from, which microbial players might have contributed to the process, or on the order of specific evolutionary milestones along the way. But the recent identification of the Asgard archaea, thought to be the closest living relatives to modern eukaryotes, has enlivened discussions about eukaryogenesis.

Today, at the microbial mats in the Atacama Desert and other sites throughout the world, scientists are investigating what the earliest eukaryotic cells may have looked like, the partnerships they may have struck up with other organisms, and how their molecular machinery might have functioned and evolved. Already, the discovery of the Asgards has solidified certain aspects of eukaryogenesis while raising new questions about others. I think this is the most exciting development in biology right now. So much is being discovered and so many predictions are being met, says Daniel Mills, a geobiologist and postdoctoral researcher at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt Mnchen who recently coauthored a paper suggesting that eukaryotes likely evolved in the absence of oxygen. Eukaryogenesis, he adds, is arguably one of the most important events in the history of life, after the origin of life itself.

Microbial mats such as these taken from the altiplanos of South Americas Atacama Desert may mimic the conditions on early Earth that gave rise to eukaryotic life.

Diversity, Ecology and Evolution of Microbes (DEEM)/Purificacin Lpez-Garca

After receiving her PhD in 2013, evolutionary microbiologist Anja Spang was shopping around for a postdoc. For her dissertation, Spang had studied a group of archaea called the Thaumarchaeota (now Nitrososphaerota), and during that work, shed picked up hints that the genomes of these and other archaea contained code for genes that produce what are known as eukaryotic signature proteins, or ESPs. These proteins should not have had recognizable counterparts in archaea, and yet, there they were. Wanting to understand just what was going on, Spang joined the lab of Thijs Ettema, an evolutionary microbiologist then at Uppsala University in Sweden, and set out in search of new data.

The team extracted genomes from sediments collected during a research cruise to a deep-sea vent site called Lokis Castle located more than 2,300 meters below the surface of the Arctic Ocean, between Greenland and Norway. Ettema told The New York Times that the initial sample amounted to less than a teaspoonful of deep-sea muck. But almost immediately, software responsible for annotating and analyzing the genetic material began to return odd resultsit flagged ESP homologs for actin, a distinctly eukaryotic protein that gives cells their shape, in a genome that was otherwise clearly archaeal. The microbes turned out to be members of a new group that Spang and the team named the Lokiarchaeota when they published their findings in Nature in 2015. In the years that followed, the team continued to flesh out this branch of the archaeal family tree, leading to the establishment of the Asgard superphylum, which in addition to Lokiarchaeota includes nods to other Norse gods, including the Thor-, Odin-, and Heimdallarchaeota.

While metagenomics have rapidly advanced the study of eukaryogenesis, the study of microfossils such as this 750-million-year-old Valeria lophostriata may also help shed light on when certain eukaryotic features first appeared.

Courtesy of Sussanah Porter

Researchers have since identified other ESPs in these groups, including homologs of proteins involved in everything from ubiquitin signaling to gamete fusion. That ESPs are so common among Asgards suggests that these microbes represent the closest living prokaryotic relatives to modern eukaryotes and that modern eukaryotes may well have inherited aspects of their molecular machinery from archaea. Indeed, most scientists now argue that an ancient Asgard or another archaeon, and not a bacterium or proto-eukaryote as many previously assumed, likely served as the first host in the evolutionary process that ultimately resulted in a new type of cell.

In 2019, researchers successfully cultured an Asgard archaeon for the first time, allowing scientists to dive deeper into their biology. Using microscopy, Hiroyuki Imachi of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology and colleagues found that the cultured species, for which they proposed the name Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum, is small and extremely slow-growing, dividing only every two to three weeks; some microbes can double in as little as a few minutes or hours. In addition, they found that Ca. P. syntrophicumlives in close association with another archaeon called Methanogenium. Ca. P. syntrophicumgets its energy by digesting amino acids and peptides for their nitrogen, and in turn, Methanogeniumuses the hydrogen produced during that process to create its own fuel and at the same time reduce environmental hydrogen, which can induce cellular stress. This partnership confirms that Asgards engage in the type of relationships that researchers suspect gave rise to eukaryotes.

Hints of such a syntrophic relationship had been gleaned from other archaeal genomes, says Spang, who now oversees her own research group at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, but Ca. P. syntrophicum provides tangible evidence. I was really happy when I heard of the preprint that first described the organism and its syntrophic lifestyle, she says. [It] verified that at least the metabolic predictions for the Asgards were making sense with actual experimental work.

Eukaryogenesis is broadly defined as the evolutionary path taken by increasingly complex lifeforms as they diverged from the simpler prokaryotes that dominated the early part of Earths biological history. The functional period of eukaryogenesis started just prior to the symbiosis between two prokaryotes and ended when the last common ancestor of modern eukaryotes arose. During this time, many of the most recognizable eukaryotic features appeared, including organelles such as mitochondria, nuclei, and chloroplasts, as well as cellular processes such as phagocytosis. The ordering of these events in time remains unclear.

NICOLLE FULLER, SAYO STUDIO

While the identity of original host in the symbiotic partnership that birthed modern eukaryotic cells remains mysterious, some researchers say the evidence suggests it was an archaeon rather than a bacterium. Scientists call this host, which lived more than a billion years ago, the first eukaryotic common ancestor, or FECA.

At some point in the past, the prokaryote host formed a partnership with an alphaproteobacterium and permanently engulfed it, creating the mitochondrion. Researchers debate whether phagocytosis was needed to establish this relationship, but mitochondria did help power much of eukaryotes subsequent radiation.

Numerous other features and processes associated with modern eukaryotic cells evolved during this time, including the nucleus and cytoskeleton. The order of their appearance is uncertain.

The last eukaryotic ancestor (LECA) shared by all living eukaryotes today was already a complex cell by the time eukaryotes began to radiate. Over hundreds of millions of years, LECA gave rise to the complex organisms that exist today, including fungi, protists, plants, and animals.

These early observations precipitated a flood of new research, with hundreds of papers published as preprints on bioRxiv touching on Asgards and eukaryogenesis in the last several years. The most immediate effect of the discovery of Asgards was a shift in support from a three-domain tree of life that included eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archaea to a two-domain model, often called the eocyte hypothesis, that lumps archaea and eukaryotes together. (See illustration.)

In the three-domain model, eukaryotes belong to a separate branch that shares a common ancestor with archaea. But phylogenetic analyses suggest that complex cells emerged from within the archaea. This results in two primary domainsbacteria and archaeawith eukaryotes being nested within archaea. People were already arguing for a two-domain system before the Asgards were discovered, but then once the Asgards were described, it gave even more evidence, says Andrew Roger, a molecular biologist at Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia. He adds that the two-domain hypothesis also supports that the host during eukaryogenesis was an archaeon and not a type of proto-eukaryote that formed a distinct lineage.

People were already arguing for a two-domain system before the Asgards were discovered, but then once the Asgards were described, it gave even more evidence.

Andrew Roger, Dalhousie University

Researchers who spoke to The Scientistsay that many scientists have rallied behind the idea that the first eukaryotes evolved out of a syntrophy between an archaeal host and bacteria that somehow found their way inside to become the organelles, such as nuclei and mitochondria, that distinguish eukaryotes. The details of these relationships remain murky, but mitochondria provide the most tantalizing clues to their origin story. Theres DNA in mitochondria that we can somewhat clearly connect or trace back to alphaproteobacteria, saysLaura Eme, an evolutionary microbiologist at Frances National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). Even if we dont know exactly which lineage, we have a smoking gun.

There are contrasting hypotheses as to how the alphaproteobacterium would have gotten inside an archaeal host, however. In the eukaryogenesis version of the chicken-and-egg conundrum, scientists go back and forth on whether mitochondria would have been necessary to power the energetically expensive process of phagocytosis, or whether phagocytosis would have had to arise first as the means of ingesting the symbiotic partner. An oscillation between mito-early and mito-late hypotheses appears frequently in the literature, but intriguingly, there were no known examples of phagocytosis in prokaryotes until very recently, when researchers identified a phagocytosis-like process of engulfment in a bacterium. [M]any people were saying it is impossible to have the ancestor of mitochondria incorporated in any cell because phagocytosis is not known in the prokaryotic world, says Eme. Well, now we know that phagocytosis exists in bacteria, at least.

Moreover, initial observations of the Asgards point to other mechanisms of engulfment. When scientists first cultured Ca. P. syntrophicum, they immediately noticed a series of thin projections coming off of the microbesextensions of their membrane system called blebs. This observation suggested that these blebs might be able to surround an external entityperhaps with the help of those actin homologsand fuse together, trapping the foreign body inside. The phagocytosis conundrum is much less of a problem now, Eme tells The Scientist.

Researchers first identified Asgard archaea, thought to be the closest living prokaryotic relatives to modern eukaryotes, from metagenomic data in 2015. A few years later, the first Asgard was cultured, revealing unique aspects of its biology.

Hiroyuki Imachi, Masaru K. Nobu, and JAMSTEC

When it comes to the nucleus, what Lpez-Garca calls the typical diagnostic eukaryotic feature, the picture is much less clear. Hypotheses of its origin run the gamut from a bacterial endosymbiont within an amoeboid host to the remnants of a giant virus. (See From Three Domains to Two below.) In the 1990s, Lpez-Garca proposed the Syntrophy hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotes, which posited a three-party metabolic symbiosis between two bacteria and an archaeon. She maintains that this hypothesis is the only one that explains not only the origins of the nucleus, but also the so-called lipid divide, another unsettled aspect of eukaryogenesis in which the lipids that make up the cell membranes of eukaryotes are more similar to those in bacteria than to those in archaea.

A couple of years ago, Lpez-Garca and her Paris-Saclay colleague David Moreira, also affiliated with the CNRS, updated the hypothesis to reflect the discovery of Asgards, but rather than place an archaeon as the original host, they propose than an archaeonspecifically a hydrogen-producing, Asgard-like archaeonwas the original nucleus. The host, they suggest, was likely a deltaproteobacterium, and the ancestor of mitochondria an alphaproteobacterium. This idea is supported, they say, by the fact that most genes in modern eukaryotes are actually bacterial, and not archaeal, in origin, and that eukaryotic membranes are made up of phospholipids that more closely resemble bacterial ones. Our model is one potential modelit may be wrong, [or it] may be rightbut the others dont explain these discrepancies, Lpez-Garca says. And at some point, I think they should.

Michelle Leger, a postdoctoral researcher and evolutionary microbiologist at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology in Barcelona, is currently scouring the genomes of extant archaeal species to support or refute the many hypotheses floating around. With respect to the Syntrophy hypothesis, for example, if I were to imagine that there was the deltaproteobacteria in that relationship as well, I would expect a similarly clear [genomic] signal to that of the alphaproteobacteria in the mitochondrial genome, Leger tells The Scientist.She hasnt found such a signal yet, but she says she thinks the evidence does support an archaeal origin for the nucleus. Although archaeal genes make up a small fraction of the nuclear genome, the genes that play roles in highly conserved processes within the nucleus itself, such as DNA replication and transcription, are largely archaeal. So it makes sense that the nucleus developed from an archaeon, Leger says. But its not very clear what other partners might have been involved.

Even as the number of sequenced archaeal and bacterial genomes continues to increase, offering new clues about the relationship between these microbes and the rise of early eukaryotic cells, many researchers tell The Scientist its entirely possible that some questions will never be fully answered. Too much time has passed since eukaryotes first appeared on the evolutionary scene, and too much DNA has been scrambled between too many groups, for scientists to piece everything together. But that hasnt stopped them from trying.

Eme tells The Scientist that the next big frontier will be functional studies in modern eukaryotes to yield clues about how individual genes and proteins may have behaved in their early ancestors. While there was only a single Asgard genome a few years ago, today there are hundreds, and researchers are mining them for details. Now we have a clear idea of which genes in eukaryotes have been inherited from Asgard archaea, and theres a lot of novelty here, Eme says. But what we dont know, and thats really important, is what these genes did or are doing in Asgard currently.

The question of where exactly eukaryotes branch on the tree of life has been debated by scientists for decades. But the discovery of the Asgard archaeathe closest prokaryotic relatives to modern eukaryoteshas shifted most researchers away from a three-domain tree in which eukaryotes are a distinct lineage and toward a two-domain tree, in which eukaryotes emerged from within the archaea as a secondary domain.

NICOLLE FULLER, SAYO STUDIO

In 2020, researchers synthesized suspected homologs of eukaryotic actin proteins encoded in Asgard genomes. Injected into rabbit cells, these proteins bound to eukaryotic actins and performed similar functions, including aiding the flow of calcium across cell membranes. The findings suggest that a calcium-controlled actin cytoskeleton likely existed in Asgards prior to the emergence of eukaryotes. Inanother study, researchers attempted to resolve the lipid debate by expressing archaeal phospholipids in E. coli, and found that the bacteria were able to successfully incorporate as much as 30 percent of the archaeal lipids into their cell membranes. The study doesnt fully reconcile whether eukaryotes would have been able to transition their membranes from bacterial to archaeal lipidsLpez-Garca notes that bacteria with membranes composed of more than 30 percent archaeal lipids begin to diebut it does lay the groundwork for future research, Eme says.

Additional clues could come from the study of microfossils, microscopic impressions of early cells embedded in rock, says University of California, Santa Barbara, paleontologist Susannah Porter. When metagenomic sequencing came to the fore, it seemed as though fossils fell out of favor, she says, but many phylogenetic trees rely on a methodology called a molecular clock that uses fossils to anchor analyses in time. In addition, the fossils themselves can be useful, allowing scientists to determine when certain external features first appeared, adds Porter, who is currently interrogating such specimens to order certain events of early eukaryote evolution. We do have a fossil record back 2 billion to 1 billion years, but I dont think its been taken advantage of or leveraged to its full extent, she says. Maybe we could actually use these characteristics of the fossil record to be able to piece together eukaryogenesis.

Meanwhile, other researchers are devising alternate methods for timing the events of eukaryogenesis to complement that fossil evidence. For example, Berend Snel, a computational biologist at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, recently used gene duplications to correlate the lengths of branches on phylogenetic trees with timethe assumption being that the number of duplication events increases with time. That assumption was challenged by some, and even Snel admits that it may not be perfect, but breaking the story of eukaryogenesis into more manageable chunks may help resolve many of these unanswered questions, he says. What Im arguing for is that its a lot of little, small stories, but if people would integrate these small stories in the right way, there should be a tapestry that ultimately weaves a real story.

Leger agrees that our understanding of eukaryogenesis is likely to advance with baby steps. Part of the nature of these deep evolutionary questions is that we will never know, we will never have a clear proof of some of the hypotheses that were trying to develop, she says. But we can keep refining our ideas.

While much about the origin of the nucleus is speculative, one hypothesis suggests that the nucleus of modern eukaryotes may have resulted from a partnership between a prokaryotic host and a virus. This idea was first suggested in a pair of papers published back-to-back in 2001 after two researchers independently arrived at the same conclusion, and both groups recently published updates to their viral origin hypotheses following the field-rocking discovery of the Asgard archaea.

At the turn of the 21st century, Masaharu Takemura, then a molecular biologist at the Nagoya University School of Medicine in Japan, noticed that one group of viruses, the poxviruses, had DNA polymerases that were extremely similar to those found in eukaryotes, and that poxviruses replicate inside their hosts by creating self-contained compartments. Meanwhile, Philip Bell, the head of research for the biotechnology company MicroBioGen, was similarly puzzled by the differences between eukaryotes and the bacteria that led to organelles such as mitochondria. Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear, for example, while bacterial ones are circular. Many features of the nucleus just didnt support a bacterial origin.

Since that time, researchers have identified the so-called giant viruses, first described in 2003. These viruses are much larger than most, with fittingly massive genomes, and theyve since been found to harbor genes associated with various metabolic processes. Now, Takemura, Bell, and others say that a giant virus could have been the original nucleus. Giant viruses replicate within complex compartments that look very similar to modern nucleitheyre large and include both inner and outer membranesand also carry versions of genes that produce proteins involved in essential host cell processes.

The idea that the nucleus could have been a virus has been a tough sell, however. According to Purificacin Lpez-Garca, a biologist at the University of Paris-Saclay, there is no structural evidence to support it. Michelle Leger, an evolutionary microbiologist at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology in Barcelona, agrees that the hypothesis is not supported by existing data, which she argues more clearly point to an archaeon as the organism that became the eukaryotic nucleus.

But Valerie De Anda, a microbiologist at the University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute who studies early prokaryotic metabolism, isnt dissuaded by the current lack of evidence from the idea that a virus may well be the source of the eukaryotic nucleus. She and her colleagues are currentlylooking for mRNA-capping genes involved in transcription and translation that were suggested by Bell to have been derived from a long-ago first eukaryotic nuclear ancestor.

People dont take seriously great ideas right at the beginning . . . and then it turns out to be true, De Anda says.

Correction (October 18): This article has been updated to reflect that Valerie De Anda studies early prokaryotic metabolism, not early eukaryote metabolism, and to specify that eukaryotic signature proteins have been linked to gamete fusion, not meiosis.The Scientistregrets these errors.

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The Long and Winding Road to Eukaryotic Cells - The Scientist

The Brilliant 10: The top up-and-coming minds in science – Popular Science

Theres a phrase that rings loudly in the heads of Popular Science editors any time we bring together a new Brilliant 10 class: Theyve only just begun. Our annual list of early-career scientists and engineers is as much a celebration of what our honorees have already accomplished as it is a forecast for what theyll do next. To find the brightest innovators of today, we embarked on a nationwide search, vetting hundreds of researchers across a range of institutions and disciplines. The collective work of this years class sets the stage for a healthier, safer, more efficient, and more equitable futureone thats already taking shape today.

After earning a bachelors in chemistry in 2007, Kandis Leslie Abdul-Aziz took a position at an oil refinery along the Schuykill River in South Philadelphia. Part of her job was to analyze refined petroleum products, like acetone and phenol, that other industrial manufacturers might buy. She was also tasked with testing the refinerys wastewaterwhich, she couldnt help but notice, flowed out right next to a residential neighborhood. Literally, if you looked out past the plant, she says, you could see houses close by.

That was more than a decade before an explosive fire forced the refinery to close and spurred an unprecedented cleanup effort. But the experience got Abdul-Aziz thinking about the life cycle of chemical byproducts and their potential impacts on human health. She went back to school for a PhD in chemistry, and her lab at the University of California, Riverside, now focuses on giving problematic waste streamsfrom plastic trash to greenhouse gasesa second life.

To start, Abdul-Aziz decided to investigate whether she could convert corn stover into something with economic value. The stalks, leaves, tassels, and husks left over from harvest add up to Americas most copious agricultural waste product. Much of it is left to rot on the ground, releasing methane and other greenhouse gases. A small percentage does get salvaged and converted into biofuels, but the payoff usually isnt worth the effort.

Abdul-Aziz and her colleagues set out to test multiple processes for turning the refuse into activated carbon, the charcoal-like substance thats used as a filter everywhere from smokestacks to your home Brita pitcher. Her analysis, published in 2021, looks at the activated carbon produced by various methodsfrom charring stover in an industrial furnace to dousing it in caustic substancesand the molecular properties that affect which contaminants it can soak up. The ultimate aim: Tell her what kind of chemicals you want to clean up, and shell create a carbon filter that can do the trick.

Abdul-Aziz has since applied to patent her customizable process, and is looking into other sources of detritus and use cases. Wastewater treatment companies have expressed interest, she says, in using her tools on environmental toxins such as PFASthe stubborn, hormone-disrupting forever chemicals ubiquitous in household products and prone to contaminating drinking water. At the same time, she has also demonstrated that she can derive activated carbon from citrus peels, and is now investigating whether she can do the same with plastic trash.

Shes also exploring an even bigger swing. Earlier this year, the National Science Foundation awarded her half a million dollars to develop absorbent materials to capture carbon dioxide emissions and help convert them back into useful materials such as polymers and fuels. Abdul-Aziz wants to identify practical recycling processes that dont require overhauling existing infrastructure. For us its about trying to develop realistic solutions for these sustainability problems so they can actually be implemented, she explains. Its these small steps that she believes will move us toward a truly circular economyone where materials can be reused many times. And with any luck, her innovations will help buffer the worst impacts of the very petrochemicals that inspired her quest.Mara Grunbaum

In recent decades, immunotherapy has been a game-changer in cancer treatment. Drugs that augment the bodys natural immune response against malignant tumors have dramatically improved survival rates for patients with diseases like lymphoma, lung cancer, and metastatic melanoma. But the method has been far less successful in breast cancersparticularly the most aggressive ones. Sangeetha Reddy, a physician-scientist at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, is trying to change that. We could do better, she says.

Reddy works with patients with triple-negative breast cancers, so-called because the malignancies dont have any of the three markers scientists have historically targeted with anti-cancer drugs. Even with aggressive chemotherapy and surgery, the prognosis for these patientswho account for about 15 percent of breast cancer diagnoses worldwideis relatively poor. Immunotherapies, in particular, often fail because breast cancers tend to hobble the bodys dendritic cells, the roving molecular spies that sweep up pieces of suspicious material and carry them back to immune system headquarters to introduce as the new enemy. When the body doesnt know what its supposed to be attacking, boosting its power is of little use.

Reddy is therefore trying to figure out how to restore dendritic cell function. As a physician-scientist, she uses a relatively new approach that she describes as bedside to bench and back. She treats patients in her clinic, conducts in vitro and mouse experiments in her lab, and designs and manages her own clinical trials. This physician-scientist method enables a positive feedback loop: Reddy can analyze tumors excised from her own patients to assess whether treatments are working. Then she can test out new drugs on those same cancer cells. When she identifies a promising tactic, she can design clinical trials to test things like safety, dosage, and timing. At every step, she can find something in what she learns to incorporate back into her research or her patients care.

This cyclical strategy has led Reddy to the combination of three drugs that shes currently testing against triple-negative breast cancer: Flt3-ligand, a protein that stimulates the proliferation of dendritic cells; a chemical that helps activate these cells and others; and anthracycline, a standard chemotherapy agent. In mice, this triad kept breast cancer tumors at least 50% smaller than chemotherapy alone. A couple of our mice, we actually cured them, says Reddy. A Phase-1 clinical trial investigating the safety and efficacy of the regimen in people began enrolling patients earlier this year.

Though it can take years to work out all the kinks in a new cancer treatment and clear the hurdles on the way to FDA approval, Reddys multi-pronged strategy should streamline this process as much as possible. Doing so will allow her to enable a transformation shes been eyeing since she started to specialize in cancer treatment more than eight years ago. As a fellow at the MD Anderson Cancer Center, Reddy worked with melanoma patients in clinical trials of immunotherapy, which gave her a firsthand look at the treatments emerging potential. We were taking patients who would have passed away within months and giving them ten years, she says. Just that hope that we can get there with [triple-negative breast cancer] led me to this path.M.G.

The internet as we know it is inextricable from the cloudthe ethereal space through which all e-mails, Zooms, and Instagram posts pass. As many of us well-know, however, this nebulous concept is anchored to the Earth by sprawling warehouses that crunch and store data in remote places. Their energy demands are enormous and increasing exponentially: One model predicts they will use up to 13 percent of the worlds power by 2030 compared to just 3 percent in 2010. Gains in computing efficiency have helped matters, says University of Massachusetts Amherst assistant professor of informatics and computer science Mohammad Hajiesmaili, but those improvements do little to reduce the centers impact on the environment.

If the power supply is coming from fuel sources, its not carbon optimized, explains Hajiesmaili. But renewable power is sporadic, given its reliance on sun and wind, and geographically constrained, since its only harvested in certain places. This is the puzzle Hajiesmaili is working to solve: How can data centers run on carbon-free energy 24/7?

The answer involves designing systems that organize their energy use around a zero-carbon goal. Several approaches are in the works. The simplest uses schemes that schedule computing tasks to coincide with the availability of renewable energy. But that fix cant work on its own given the unpredictability of bright sunlight and gusts of windand the fact that the cloud doesnt sleep. Another strategy is geographical load balancing, which involves moving tasks from one data center to another based on local access to clean power. It, also, has drawbacks: Transferring data from one place to another still requires energy, Hajiesmaili notes, and, if youre not careful, this overhead might be substantial.

An ideal solution, and the focal point of much of his work these days, involves equipping data centers with batteries that store renewable energy as a reserve to tap, say, at night. Whenever the carbon intensity of the grid is high, he says, you can just discharge from the battery instead of consuming local high-carbon energy sources. Even though batteries that are big enough, or cheap enough, to fully power data centers dont exist yet, Hajiesmaili is already developing algorithms to control when future devices will charge and dischargeusing carbon optimization as their guiding principle. This carbon-aware battery use is just one of many ways in which Hajiesmaili thinks cloud design should be overhauled; ultimately, the entire system must shift to put carbon use front and center.

Most big technology companies have pledged to become carbon-neutralor negative, in Microsofts casein the coming decades. Historically, they have pursued those goals by buying controversial offset credits, but interest in carbon-intelligent computing is mounting. Google, for one, already uses geographical load balancing and is continuing to fine-tune it with Hajiesmailis input, and cloud-computer company VMWare has its own carbon-cutting projects in the works. In his view, though, the emerging field of computational decarbonization has applications far beyond the internet. All aspects of societyagriculture, transportation, housingcould someday optimize their usage through the same approach. Its just the beginning, he says. Its going to be huge.Yasmin Tayag

Evolutionary biologists typically think about changes that took place in the past, and on the scale of thousands and millions of years. Meanwhile, conservation biologists tend to focus on the needs of present wildlife populations. In a warming world, where more than 10,000 species already face increased risk of extinction, those disciplines leave a crucial gap. We dont know which animals will be able to adjust, how quickly they can do it, and how people can best support them.

Answers to these questions are often based on crude generalizations rather than solid data. Rachael Bay, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Davis, has developed an approach that could help make specific predictions about how at-risk species might evolve over the coming decades. Injecting evolution into conservation questions is really quite novel, she says.

The central premise of Bays work addresses a common blind spot. Conjectures about how climate change will affect a particular creature often assume that all of them will respond similarly to their changing habitat. In fact, she points out, its exactly the variation between individuals that determines if and how a species will be able to survive.

Take the reef-building corals she looked at for her PhD research: Thought to be one of the organisms most vulnerable to extinction as a result of warming oceans, some already live in hotter waters than others. Bay identified genes associated with heat tolerance in the coral Acropora hyacinthus and measured the prevalence of that DNA in populations in cooler waters; from there, she was able to model how natural selection would change the gene pool under various climate-change scenarios. Her findings, published in 2017 in Science Advances, made a splash. The data indicated that the cooler-water corals can, in fact, adapt to warming if global carbon emissions start declining by 2050; if they dont, or keep accelerating as they have been, the outlook becomes grim.

Bay has continued her work on corals and other marine organisms, but she has also applied her method to terrestrial animals. In 2017, work she conducted with UCLA colleague Kristen Ruegg bolstered the case for keeping a Southwestern subspecies of the willow flycatcher on the US endangered list. Though the species as a whole is abundant, with a breeding range that spans most of the US and southwestern Canada, the subgroup that occupies southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico has struggled with habitat loss. The scientists demonstrated not only that the desert-dwelling birds were genetically distinct enough to merit their own listing, but also that individuals in that population have unique genes that are likely associated with their ability to survive temperatures that regularly top 100F. Protecting this small subgroupless than one-tenth of a percent of the total populationcould help the entire species persist.

That kind of specific, forward-looking decision is exactly what Bay hopes to enable for other wildlife facing an uncertain future. Other recent work has focused on how yellow warblers, Annas hummingbirds, and a coastal Pacific snail called the owl limpet might shift their ranges in response to climate change. The pie-in-the-sky goal is to make evolutionary predictions that can be used in management, she says.M.G.

When a new pathogen invades, the immune system unleashes a suite of antibodies into the bloodstreamthe bodily equivalent of throwing spaghetti at the wall to see what sticks. While most of those proteins will do an okay job of neutralizing the trespasser, a valuable few will zero in with deadly accuracy. The faster scientists can identify and replicate those killers, the better well get at beating disease. Case in point: Antibody therapy helped many at-risk patients sick with COVID-19. The big challenge in studying the bodys natural response, however, is that in order to do so, people have to get sick.

John Blazeck, of Georgia Techs School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, is developing a workaround. Instead of using the human body as a bioreactor for antibodies, he wants to use microbes. That way, the repertoire that fires off in response to a pathogen can be studied in, say, a flask or a chip. The dream of a synthetic immune system has kicked around biotech circles for the last two decades, but Blazecks work is ushering it into reality. We can have a million different microbes, making a million different antibodies that would mimic what a person would be doing, he says.

His career began in synthetic biology, a field that involves sticking genes into microbes to make them do new things. Specifically, he tried to get them to pump out biofuels. His interest in advancing health, however, led him to use his expertise to fight disease in 2013, when he injected microbes with the human genes known to produce antibodies. Recreating the immune system in this way is a colossal undertaking. The catch is that the process has been optimized for millions of years, so its very hard to make it happen, he explains.

Nevertheless, his team has made foundational progress that could underpin the future of this research. Recently, they figured out how to efficiently mutate antibody DNA after its been inserted into microbes, which will help them select antibodies that bind more tightly to a given pathogen. The process is meant to mimic how the immune system uses its B cellsthe bodys antibody factoriesto self-select the proteins that generate the strongest defenses.

Building a synthetic immune system is only half of what Blazeck is doing to supercharge immunity. The rest builds on his postdoctoral research on engineering a means to thwart cancer cells defenses. Tumors secrete molecules that shut down immune cells trying to get in their way. Blazeckwith his former advisor George Georgiou, of the University of Texas, Austinfound an enzyme that can render those molecules harmless, allowing the immune system to do its thing. Ikena Oncology, a company specializing in precision cancer treatment licensed the enzyme, one of the first of its kind, in 2015. Both aspects of Blazecks work are at the forefront of burgeoning new fields, and hes been heartened by the early response. I hope that people continue to appreciate the value of trying to engineer immunity, and how it can contribute to understanding how to fight diseaseand also directly fight disease, he says.Y.T.

The whole world will be watching when a 1,000-foot-wide asteroid called Apophis swoops by Earth in mid-April 2029. But DaniellaMendozaDellaGiustina, a planetary scientist at the University of Arizona, will be looking more closely than anyone else. Her gaze will be trained on what the space rock reveals about our pastand what it means for our future. Its going to captivate the world, she says. In 2022, NASA named her principal investigator of the OSIRIS-APEX mission, which will send the OSIRIS-ReX spacecraft that sampled the asteroid Bennu in 2020 chasing after Apophis.

DellaGiustina wasnt always interested in space, but as a cerebral young person gazing into the famously clear skies of the desert Southwest, she had a lot of big questions: Why are we here? How did we get here? A community college class in astronomy piqued her interest. Then, a university course on meteorites led to an undergraduate research position with Dante Lauretta, who later became the principal investigator of OSIRIS-ReX. DellaGiustina knew very early on that the research environment was right for her: Youre actively pushing the boundary of human knowledge. A masters degree in computational physics led her to field work on the ice sheets of Alaska, which resemble those on other planets. Eventually, she returned to the University of Arizona, where completed a PhD in geosciences (seismology) while working on image processing for OSIRIS-ReX.

A belief that asteroids hold answers to the big questions of her youth drives her to understand them from the inside out. They really represent the leftovers of solar system formation, she says. Its kind of like finding an ancient relic. So-called carbonaceous asteroids like Ryugu and Europarich in volatile substances, including icemay explain how water and the amino acids that jumpstarted life once made their way to Earth. They may also offer a glimpse of the future: Near-Earth asteroids, especially, hold tremendous potential for resource utilization, DellaGiustina says, but one might also take us out someday.

Apophis is not considered dangerous, but it will swing by at roughly one-tenth the distance between Earth and the Moon. If we ever have an incoming threat to our own planet, we need to understand whats the structure of this thing? so that we can properly mitigate against it, she says. With DellaGiustina at the helm, the OSIRIS-APEX project will use this once-in-7,500-years chance to study how close encounters with planets can change an asteroid. Earths tidal pull, for example, is expected to squeeze Apophisa tug DellaGiustina hopes to measure via a seismometer dropped on the surface.

Lauretta, who has worked with DellaGiustina since she was an undergraduate, jumped at the chance to nominate her to lead the next phase of the OSIRIS mission. She had always been keen on designing experimentsLauretta seriously considered her proposal to equip OSIRIS-ReX with a dosimeter to measure the radiation risk for future asteroid-hopping astronauts. Her decisive leadership is rare and critical for a program of this size, he adds. On the off chance that an errant space rock ever threatens Earth, itll be a comfort to know shes at work behind the scenes.Y.T.

Picture this: Its Tuesday morning, and youre planning to ride the train to work. Walking to the station takes 25 minutes, so you hop on the local bus. Today, though, the bus is delayed, and doesnt reach the station in time to catch the train. You wait for the next one. Youre late for work.

If your boss is a stickler and you rely on public transit, a missed connection can be make or break. These are the kinds of problems that Samitha Samaranayake, a computer-scientist-turned-civil-engineer at Cornell University, has made it his mission to solve. He designs algorithms to help varied modes of mass transit work more seamlessly togetherand help city planners make changes that benefit those who need them most.

Before Cornell, Samaranayake spent several years studying app-based ridesharing, including the potential of on-demand autonomous car fleets. In 2017, he co-authored an influential paper showing that companies like Uber and Lyft could reduce their contribution to urban congestion if cars were dispatched and shared efficiently. But he quickly became disillusioned with entirely car-centric solutions. Its convenient for people who can afford it, he says, but when it comes to moving city-dwellers efficiently and accessibly, mass transit cant be beat.

So Samaranayake began investigating how new technology can best be incorporated into city transit systemsand possibly solve some of their most-common pitfalls. Take the last mile problem: the challenge of transporting people from transit hubs in dense urban areas to the less-centralized places that they need to golike their homes in far-out neighborhoods. If these connections arent quick and reliable, people may not use them. And if people arent using a neighborhood bus line or other last-mile service, says Samaranayake, a transit agency might cut it rather than run more buses, making the problem worse.

Thats where the technology developed by ride-sharing companies becomes useful, says Samaranayake. In recent years, hes designed algorithms to integrate real-time data from public transit with the software used to dispatch on-demand vehicles. This could let transit authorities send cars to pick up groups of people, then deliver them to a commuter hub in time to make their connections.

This approach is known as microtransit, and after pandemic-related delays, a test project with King County Metro in Seattle launched earlier this year. It uses app-based rideshare vans to shuttle shift workers and others who live in the outskirts of the city to and from the regional rail line. Although its too early to measure success, Samaranayake has seen enthusiastic uptake from some commuters without many good alternatives.

That points toward his other goal: finding better ways to quantify how equitably transit resources are apportioned, so that city planners can ultimately design new systems that reach more people more efficiently. This social-justice element helps motivate Samaranayake to keep working on mass transit, even though funding has typically been more abundant for flashier technology like self-driving cars.

That could be changing: In recent years, Samaranayake and his collaborators have received nearly $5 million from the US Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation to pursue their vision. Transit is not cool from a research perspective, Samaranayake admits. But its the only path forward to a transportation system that is environmentally sustainable and equitable, in my view.M.G.

Anyone whos taken high school biology knows that mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells. While its true that these organelles are responsible for converting sugars into energy, they also have many less-appreciated jobs, including generating heat, storing and transporting calcium, and regulating cell growth and death. In recent decades, researchers have linked the breakdown of these functions to the development of certain cancers and heart disease.

When it comes to diseases like dementia, Parkinsons, and ALS, however, Duke University cell biologist Chantell Evans thinks its time to look specifically at neurons. Mitochondria are implicated in almost every neurodegenerative disease, says Evans. By unraveling how neurons deal with malfunctioning mitochondria, her work could open up possibilities for treating many currently incurable conditions.

Evans work focuses on understanding a process called mitophagyhow cells deal with dead or malfunctioning mitochondriain neurons. There are plenty of reasons to believe brain cells might manage their organelles in unique ways: For one, they dont divide and replenish themselves, which means the 80 billion or so were issued at birth have to last a lifetime. Neurons are also extremely stretched out (the longest ones run from the bottom of the backbone to the tip of each big toe) which means each nucleus has to monitor and maintain its roughly two million mitochondria over a great distance.

Before Evans launched her investigation in 2016, research on epithelial cellsthose that line the surface of the body and its organshad identified two proteins, PINK1 and Parkin, that seem to be mutated in patients with Parkinsons disease. But, confusingly, disabling those proteins in mice in the lab didnt lead to the mouse equivalent of Parkinsons. To Evans, that suggested that the story of neural mitophagy must be more complicated.

To find out how, she went back to basics. Her lab watched rodent brain cells in a dish as they processed dysfunctional mitochondria. Evans gradually cranked up the stress they experienced by removing essential nutrients from their growth medium. This, she argues, is more akin to what happens in an aging human body than the typical process, which uses potent chemicals to damage mitochondria.

Results she published in 2020 in the journal eLife found that disposing of damaged mitochondria takes significantly longer in neurons than it does in epithelial cells. We think, because [this slowness] is specific to neurons, that it may put neurons in a more vulnerable state, she explains. Evans has also helped identify additional proteins that are involved in the best-known repair pathwayand determined that that action takes place in the soma, or main body, of a neuron but not in its threadlike extensions, known as axons. That, she says, could mean theres a separate pathway thats maintaining the mitochondria in the axon. Now, she wants to identify and understand that one too.

Thoroughly documenting these mechanics will take time, but Evans says charting the system could lead to precious medicine. If we understand what goes wrong, she says, We might be able to diagnose people earlier and be more targeted in trying to develop better treatment options.M.G.

It took the Human Genome Project a decade to lay out our complete genetic code. Since then, advances in sequencing technology have vastly sped up the pace by which geneticists can parse As, Gs, Ts, and Cs, which has allowed biologists to think even biggerby going smaller. Instead of spelling out all of a persons DNA, they want to create a Human Cell Atlas that characterizes the genetic material of every single cell in the body. Doing so will create a reference map of what a healthy human looks like, explains bioengineer Aaron Streets.

Understanding what makes individual cells unique requires insight into the epigenomethe suite of chemical instructions that tell the body how to make many kinds of cells out of the same string of DNA. This is where the notion of the epigenome comes into play, says Streets, who runs a lab at the University of California, Berkeley. All cells may be reading from the same book, but each ones epigenome highlights the most relevant passagesessentially how and which genes are expressed. Streets is inventing the tools scientists need to zero in on those specifics.

Reading the epigenome is important, says Streets, because, in addition to showing why healthy cells act the way they do, it can also reveal why an individual one goes haywire and causes illnesscancer, for example. Once the markers of a rogue actor are known, he explains, researchers can develop therapeutics that address the question: How can we engineer the epigenome of cells to fix the disease?

Characterizing cells is highly interdisciplinary work, which Streets is perfectly suited for. He majored in art and physics but just wasnt good at biology organismal studies. It wasnt until graduate school, where he worked with a physicist-turned-bioengineer, that he realized how much insights gleaned from math, physics, and engineering could benefit the study of living things.

As a start, this year Streets and his colleagues published a protocol in the journal Nature Methods for reading particularly mysterious parts of the genome. The tool identifies sections within hard-to-read DNA regions that bind proteinsand thus have epigenomic significanceby bookending the strings with chemical markers called methyl groups. To James Eberwine, a pharmacology professor at the University of Pennsylvania and a pioneer of single-cell biology, it is going to be very useful for building a cell atlas.

Now, Streetss lab is building new software to piece together the millions of sequences that comprise a single cells genome. And, because mapping every single anatomical cell will require a fair bit of teamwork, the programs they create are shared freely with other scientists who can use the tools to make their own discoveries. If you look at really huge leaps in progress in our understanding of how the human body works, says Streets, they correlate really strongly with advances in technology.Y.T.

Like everyone in early 2020, Daniel Larremore wondered whether this virus making its way around the globe was going to be a big deal. Would he have to cancel the exciting academic workshop he had planned for March? What about his ongoing research on the immune-evading genes of malaria parasites?

As the answers became clear, so did his next big task: predicting the trajectory of the disease so that scientists and policymakers could get ahead of it. You have a background in infectious diseases and mathematical modeling, thought the University of Colorado Boulder computer scientist. If youre not going to make a contribution when theres a global pandemic, when are you going to step up? He put his work on the epidemiology of malaria on hold as he emailed colleagues studying the emerging outbreak to ask how his lab could help. I sent that mid-March, he says, and didnt stop working until early to mid-2021.

Before coming to Boulder, Larremore had been a postdoctoral candidate at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, where he was first immersed in the world of infectious diseasehow it was transmitted, how it evaded immunity, and how to model its spread. It prepared him well for the first wave of COVID-19 research questions, which were all about working around the shortcomings of antibody tests. At the time, they were the only tools available for counting infections, but their sensitivity and specificity varied widely. A paper he co-authored in those early months described how to estimate infection rate, a key metric in justifying public health measures like mask mandates and social distancing.

As the pandemic wore on, Larremore and his collaborators continued to think forward: Whats the question were going to be asking six months from now that well wish we had the answer to right away? The research they conducted now underpins much of American COVID policy: Their modeling found that speed, not accuracy, in testing was more important for curbing viral spread; that the success of immunity passports depended on the prevalence and infectiousness of the virus; and that elderly and medically vulnerable people should be prioritized for vaccination. Dan did a huge amount of work across a number of different disciplines, and I think the contributions hes made have really been remarkable, says Yonatan Grad, an associate professor at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health who frequently collaborates with Larremore.

While his work on COVID-19 winds down, Larremore is already helping develop a general theory of disease mitigation involving at-home testing. Through modeling, hes hoping to find out how much testing might slow the spread of different infectious diseasesand how that changes with disease or the variant. Hes excited about leveraging the jump in public science literacy induced by COVID-19: If you tell people to self-collect a nasal swab, theyll do a great job at it, he says. He imagines a world where the public can reliably self-diagnose common illnesses like flu, and take the appropriate steps (wearing a mask, opening windows) to protect others. That just seems really empowering, says Larremore. And, potentially, a cool future. Y.T.

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Global Live-Cell Imaging Market Size And Forecast | GE Healthcare, Olympus Corporation, Danaher Corporation, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Sartorius…

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New cellular agriculture consortium will help develop the foods of the future – EurekAlert

image:The goal of cellular agriculture is to create meat from cell culture, without having to sacrifice animals, or require the use of large swaths of land, or put the environment at risk with heavy water usage and waste production view more

Credit: Tufts University

Competition drives innovation, but for an industry in its earliest stages of development, one of the smartest moves competitors can take is to join forces to overcome fundamental technical challenges, develop standards, and share knowledge in a way that advances the industry as a whole.

Recently, the Tufts University Center for Cellular Agriculture (TUCCA) launched a new Consortium, consisting of industry and nonprofit members, to support research in a field that many consider the future of food. Cellular agriculture is an emerging technical solution to creating meat products from the growth of cells in a bioreactor, avoiding the need for farm animals, large swaths of cleared land, and outsized demands for feedstock, water and waste management. Traditional farming puts increasing pressure on resources and the environment to feed a growing population, while cellular agriculture holds out the promise for a more sustainable and humane solution to growing and sacrificing animals for food.

Start-ups and academic labs have begun to produce cultivated meat grown from cells to replicate lamb, pork, fish and chicken, but the field of cellular agriculture is still very young. Getting to the point at which the new technology can feed millions of people, or even billions of people on the planet will require some important hurdles to be overcome. These include developing improved processes to rapidly grow and form cells into meat products that have the taste, nutrition and texture of the real thing and bringing production up to a scale that can meet the demands of a hungry worldwide market.

While the potential for sustainability in cellular agriculture is great, competitors can benefit from sharing knowledge and methods to minimize environmental impacts, finding replacements for all animal sourced materials (other than the self-propagating cells) in the growth media, and evaluating the entire economic and environmental cost of production. Those are just a few of the areas that the TUCCA Consortium may explore. In practice, the Consortium members will confer and decide among themselves what challenges take priority, and then focus their resources on research to find solutions to those challenges

The Consortiums nine founding members represent companies and non-profits in cellular agriculture worldwide. They include BioFeyn, Cargill, CellX, the Good Food Institute, MilliporeSigma, ThermoFisher Scientific, TurtleTree, UPSIDE Foods, and Vow. We welcome new applicants that wish to join, said David Kaplan, Stern Family Professor of Engineering at Tufts and director of the Tufts University Center for Cellular Agriculture. Joining us at the table will enable a company or organization with an interest in cellular agriculture to provide input on the projects to be funded by the Consortium, and early access to the technology and knowledge that comes out of those projects. Projects are supported by an annual fee provided by Consortium members.

The pre-competitive research we do together will help build the foundation of technology for the industry, said Christel Andreassen, associate director of TUCCA. These efforts may be outside the main business focus of the individual members, or beyond the scope of capability for any one member to address. Pooling our expertise across disciplines and resources will be key.

Tufts University is in a unique position to act as a catalyst for this new industry, said Bernard Arulanandam, Vice Provost for Research at Tufts. In addition to our own research in developing cultured meat, we can provide resources to the Consortium across multiple fields, from biology and engineering, to nutrition and veterinary medicine. The Consortium will be aided by faculty and resources at the Tufts School of Engineering, the School of Arts and Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, the Friedman School of Nutrition and Science Policy, and the School of Medicine, as well as the Food & Nutrition Innovation Institute at the Friedman School.

In 2021, Tufts was awarded a $10 million grant from the USDA to help establish a National Institute for Cellular Agriculture to train the next generation of professionals in the field, and to combine physical, biological and social sciences toward building a new cellular agriculture industry. The grant helped establish TUCCA along with educational programs at Tufts, Virginia Tech, Virginia State, University of California Davis, MIT, and University of Massachusetts Boston. Workforce training will be an important goal for the Consortium, which will set up an internship program providing undergraduate and graduate students, and post-doctoral researchers the opportunity to work with member companies while honing their knowledge and skills on real world applications

The TUCCA Consortium welcomes inquiries. Please contact either Prof. David Kaplan (david.kaplan@tufts.edu), program lead, or Christel Andreassen (christel.andreassen@tufts.edu), associate director of TUCCA.

Commentary/editorial

Lab-produced tissue samples

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New cellular agriculture consortium will help develop the foods of the future - EurekAlert

Biochemistry and Cell Biology – Rice University

Biochemistry and Cell Biology Graduate Program | Department of BioSciences | Wiess School of Natural Sciences | Rice University Skip to main content BIOSCIENCES > Biochemistry and Cell Biology Graduate Program Biochemistry and Cell Biology Graduate Program

Contact BCB Admissions

The Biochemistry & Cell Biology graduate program faculty members are committed to training and mentoring graduate students to reach their full potential as scientists. We seek to facilitate students progression towards fulfilling and exciting careers in academia, industry, or government, and to develop their skills as future leaders in science and society.

Our program builds a strong foundation in modern biochemistry and cell biology, while developing critical thought and independence to ensure competitive preparation for a future research career. Formal course work is developed through consultation between the student and an advisory committee of faculty members.Faculty have research expertise in diverse areas including biochemistry, biophysics and structural biology, cancer biology, cell and developmental biology, computational biology, genetics, microbiology, neurobiology, plant biology, signal transduction, and synthetic and systems biology. Entering students conduct three research rotations before selecting a thesis advisor in the second semester.

The Rice Biochemistry & Cell Biology graduate program is designed for students who wish to pursue the Ph.D. degree. The program admits students for fall matriculation only. The most current version of the BCB Graduate Program Handbook (pdf) provides a detailed description of the graduate program, including all degree requirements and program expectations. For general university requirements, view the Rice University General Announcements.

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Biochemistry and Cell Biology - Rice University