By Tom Polansek | CHICAGO

CHICAGO The strain of bird flu that infected a chicken farm in Tennessee in recent days shares the same name as a form of the virus that has killed humans in China, but is genetically distinct from it, U.S. authorities said on Tuesday.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture identified the strain in Tennessee as H7N9, following a full genome sequencing of samples from the farm. It said all eight gene segments of the virus had North American wild bird lineage.

On Sunday, the USDA confirmed the farm in Tennessee was infected with highly pathogenic bird flu, making it the first case in a commercial U.S. operation in more than a year.

In China, at least 112 people have died from H7N9 bird flu this winter, Xinhua news agency said on Friday.

However, that virus has Eurasian lineage, U.S. flu experts said.

"Even though the numbers and the letters are the same, if you look at the genetic fingerprint of that virus, it is different," said Dan Jernigan, director of the influenza division at the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Jernigan said the risk to humans from the virus found in Tennessee is low. Genome sequencing shows the H7N9 virus did not have genetic features present in the virus in China that make it easier for humans to become infected, he said.

The virus found in Tennessee likely mutated to become highly pathogenic from a less dangerous, low pathogenic form, he said.

Disease experts fear a deadly strain of bird flu could mutate into a form that could be passed easily between people and become a pandemic.

Multiple outbreaks of the virus have been reported in poultry farms and wild flocks across Europe, Africa and Asia in the past six months. Most involved strains that were low risks for human health, but the sheer number of different types, and their simultaneous presence in so many parts of the world, has increased the risk of viruses mixing and mutating - and possibly jumping to people, according to disease experts.

China's Center for Disease Control and Prevention has said the majority of people infected by H7N9 in China reported exposure to poultry, especially at live markets.

Identifying the viruses in Tennessee and China both as H7N9 is similar to having two cars from different states with the same license plate number, said Carol Cardona, avian flu expert at the University of Minnesota.

The strain in Tennessee "is NOT the same as the China H7N9 virus that has impacted poultry and infected humans in Asia," the USDA emphasized in a statement.

"While the subtype is the same as the China H7N9 lineage that emerged in 2013, this is a different virus and is genetically distinct from the China H7N9 lineage," the USDA added.

U.S. officials are working to determine how the Tennessee farm, which was a supplier to Tyson Foods Inc, became infected. All 73,500 birds there were killed by the disease or suffocated with foam to prevent its spread.

Tyson, the world's biggest chicken company, is "hopeful this is an isolated incident," spokesman Worth Sparkman said.

Authorities have not identified the name of the farm or the town in Lincoln County, Tennessee, where it is located.

(Editing by Matthew Lewis and Bernard Orr)

WASHINGTON Health and Human Services Secretary Tom Price said on Tuesday that President Donald Trump supports the Republican bill to replace Obamacare.

SEOUL South Korea has culled some 50,000 farm birds as two cases of bird flu were confirmed on Wednesday, bringing the country's cull this winter to nearly 35 million - more than a fifth of all South Korean poultry - since a first bird flu case was found late last year.

(Reuters Health) - Genetic changes in the cells lining the inside of the nose might someday help doctors diagnose lung cancer, a recent study suggests.

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Tennessee bird flu shares name, not genetics, of feared China strain: USDA - Reuters

Laura Muir broke Doina Melintes 32-year-old European indoor championship record on Saturday on her way to 1500m gold in Belgrade. Photograph: Andrej Isakovic/AFP/Getty Images

When a bleary-eyed British team gathered at Belgrades Nikola Tesla airport on Monday morning after equalling their best result at a European Indoor Championships, Neil Black, the UK Athletics performance director, was asked just how high Laura Muirs star might soar. His response was short yet striking. She is a once-in-a-generation athlete.

Given the 23-year-old Muirs 1500m and 3,000m gold medals in Belgrade were the first and second of her career, that might sound overly dramatic but the evidence of the past eight months suggests Black was merely stating the obvious.

It is not only that Muir has set five British records and two European records at distances ranging from 1,000m to 5,000m since August. It is the way she has done it. Long solo runs from the front or lung-busting sprint finishes it does not matter. The result is the same: the living daylights are thrashed out of her opponents as well as the clock.

The next challenge, as Muir says, is coping with the step up in competition and pressure at this summers world championships in London. Not that she is concerned she wants to double up in the 1500m and 5,000m. You cant go winning medals and breaking records and not go raising expectations, she says. Ill take it all in my stride.

The IAAF president, Sebastian Coe, a keen onlooker in Belgrade, believes the European indoor gold will act as a springboard to greater glories for Muir just like it did for him back in 1977. This will have boosted her a lot, he said. My first championship medal was an 800m indoors 40 years ago in San Sebastin. Mo Farah made his breakthrough indoors, as did Colin Jackson.

Two years ago Laura wasnt making the right decisions on the track but she has grown in maturity. Now she feels she is not going to get beaten and, most importantly, her rivals dont think so either. Its a pretty good moment to get into a purple patch with the world championships coming up.

Coe is also impressed with Muirs mental toughness after several early career disappointments, most acutely at the world indoors in Sopot and the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow in 2014, where she fell short of the medals many expected from her. There was also frustration at the Rio Olympics in the 1500m final when she tried to go with Genzebe Dibaba on what turned out to be a 57-second third lap and found her medal hopes burned up by lactic acid.

Muir responded to that setback by running 3min 55.22sec a week later the 16th fastest time in history on a list dominated by former Eastern bloc and Chinese athletes who were around when state-sponsored doping was prevalent and she has not been beaten since. More impressive still, she has continued to improve while combining running 40-50 miles a week with work placements during a veterinary degree at the University of Glasgow.

Coe said: I love the way shes done it. Its quite tough when youve chosen the most difficult sport in the world to master and probably one of the most difficult degree courses at the same time. Shes juggling all the plates I take my hat off to her.

A large part of her success is down to genetics which, according to her coach, Andy Young, give her the right blend of slow and fast twitch muscles that make her dangerous at all distances from 800m upwards. Ive never seen someone with that sort of capability. I used to train with Paula Radcliffe when I was at Loughborough and she obviously had a huge engine but she didnt have a turn of speed. Kelly Holmes had that huge turn of speed but not the engine Laura has both.

Then there is her physical robustness, which means Muir tolerates and thrives in hard training sessions without her body breaking down, and her work ethic. As Young puts it: When she arrived she didnt like going into the red zone, the pain zone. She was always running within herself. But over the last couple of years weve developed that and she now gives it everything.

Some at British Athletics remain to be convinced Muir should double up at London. Young insists the world championships schedule is perfect as it involves running her favourite event, the 1500m, on the first, second and fourth days, and then a two-day break before the 5,000m heats. She wants to start racking up the medals, said Young. She wants world championship medals, she wants Olympic medals.

It will not be easy. In the 1500m she will face the world-record holder Dibaba, who seems back at her best after a mixed 2016 during which the Ethiopians coach, Jama Aden, was arrested by Spanish police on suspicion of doping after EPO was found in the hotel they and others were staying in. In the 5,000m another Ethiopian, Almaz Ayana, will be a danger.

In the current climate all athletes who set fast times are automatically under suspicion, along with their coaches. Young stresses that Muir is powered by little more than a good diet and the odd chocolate recovery shake. Laura also takes iron because she struggled with that, and sometimes magnesium, but she doesnt like taking tablets, he said. When she first started she wouldnt even take paracetamol or ibuprofen when the legs got sore or for a headache. Its not her way. And its not my way either.

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Laura Muir has mentality and genetics to live up to 'once-in-a-generation' tag - The Guardian

NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) Oxford Genetics said today that it has signed a worldwide distribution agreement with CLS Cell Lines Service to combine CLS's cell lines with Oxford's current menu of bio-therapeutic research products and services.

The agreement gives Oxford's customers access to over 400 mammalian cell lines which can be used in the firm's custom cell line engineering and development services.

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Oxford Genetics to Distribute CLS Cell Lines Service Products - GenomeWeb

Secure attachment between mother and infant boosts childrens social, emotional and physical development. Many studies have investigated ways to strengthen maternal-infant attachment and how to implement these strategies for maximum effect, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. But few have asked whether genetics can explain why some children are more likely to benefit than others.

In a new study, Barak Morgan at the University of Cape Town in South Africa and colleagues tested whether a genetic polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene affects maternal-infant attachment. They reanalyzed data from a previous study that showed that home visits from a parenting program called Thula Sana promoted secure maternal-infant attachment in a low-income community in South Africa. Morgans team used the genetic data collected from approximately half of those who participated in the original trial when they were 13 years of age to compare attachment rates for participants with different polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene.

The scientists found that the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene may indeed explain why some infants were more likely than others to form strong attachments with their mothers after the home visits. The probability of forming a secure attachment depended on each childs specific versions, or alleles, of the serotonin transporter gene.

For children whose DNA carried one or two copies of the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene, Thula Sana proved highly effective at improving rates of secure infant attachment. Eighty four percent of children with the short allele formed secure attachment after the program, versus just 58 percent of children with the short allele who did not receive home visits.

Children with two copies of the long allele of the serotonin transporter gene, showed no measurable benefit from the home visits. For these children, the probability of secure maternal-infant attachment was 71 percent if the family received home visits and 70 percent if they did not receive the intervention.

The authors note that past research has operated under the belief that maternal attachment programs such as Thula Sana as well as other strategies to improve early childhood development benefit all children equally. The results of this study challenge this assumption, and indicate that the success of such strategies can vary from child to child and is influenced in part by the genetic polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene.

The authors call for additional research investigating the interactions between genetics and psychosocial strategies that promote early childhood development. Such research could inform global health policy, which is focused intently on strengthening early childhood development to mitigate the harmful effects of poverty.

Research Article: Morgan B, Kumsta R, Fearon P, Moser D, Skeen S, Cooper P, et al. (2017) Serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) polymorphism and susceptibility to a home-visiting maternal-infant attachment intervention delivered by community health workers in South Africa: Reanalysis of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 14(2): e1002237. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002237

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Genetics may influence outcome of efforts to promote maternal attachment - PLOS Research News

March 7, 2017 - by Laura Lloyd Search for similar articles by keyword: [Wheat]

Team from Spain completes first genetic, phenotypic and geographic adaptation study. Photo by Adobe Stock.

Among the studys goals was to establish a statistical relationship between certain genetic variables and the phenotypic characteristics they determine. A phenotype is defined as the appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment. The phenotypic traits under study included the different varieties of durum wheats flowering time, biomass, drought resistance, foliar architecture, photosynthesis, protein, yield and yield components.

The study sought to establish which genetic characteristics were decisive in the expression of particular phenotypic traits that indicated both genetic improvement and adaptation of crops in environmental conditions associated with global climate change.

The study divided durum wheat into five genetic subpopulations one composed only of modern cultivars and another four closely related to their geographic origins in the eastern Mediterranean, eastern Balkans and Turkey, Western Balkans and Egypt and the Western Mediterranean. Durum wheat grown in the Mediterranean ecosystem, where weather conditions are moderately dry and sunny, is mostly used to make pasta and semolina. Domesticated thousands of years ago in the Fertile Crescent, durum spread widely, developing diverse landraces, or crop cultivars developed through traditional farming practices over a lengthy period of time or lacking influence from modern agricultural practices, the study authors said.

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Scientists analyze Mediterranean durum genetics - World Grain

The ready availability of genetic testing has created a contradictory set of challenges.

(Disclosure/reminder: Im Chief Medical Officer of DNAnexus, a genetic data management company.)

On the one hand, there are data suggesting that some patients dont modify their behavior even after genetic testing indicates they might be at increased risk for a condition, such as lung cancer or skin cancer, a risk that could be mitigated through deliberate behavior change. (I recommend this 2016 Atlantic piece on the subject, by law and policy professor Timothy Caulfield, for his wise emphasis on social context, though Im less persuaded by the published meta-analysis that motivated the commentary.)

But Ive been at least as struck by what seems in many ways to the be opposite problem: the use of specious genetic tests to motivate behavior change, such as the use of genetically informed diets or genetically informed exercise programs (or both), solutions an increasing number of consumer genetics companies seem to promote.

Although a robust scientific link between the genetic results and the indicated intervention is generally lacking, many individualswhether patients or elite athletesseem to find the idea that their recommendations are based on cutting-edge genetic science compelling. In a very real sense, this is genetics as placebo.

Credit: Twenty20

There are many examples demonstrating the impact of placebo on athletic performance, for example, in both trained (see here, here, here) and untrained (here) athletes. Its not a stretch to imagine that athletes who believe genetics can offer them a distinct advantage might perform better if they believe their training program is driven by genetics.

Its also entirely believable that patients with a particular faith in geneticsfor example, those who have self-selected by seeking out such testingmight be more likely to adhere to a wellness regimen represented as the customized output of genetic evaluation.

This phenomenon seems like an expression of what medical anthropologist (and one of my favorite undergraduate instructors) Arthur Kleinman called the Explanatory Model. The basic idea is that different people have different views of illness and disease, and the physician or healer needs to understand and acknowledge the patients model to optimize the therapeutic relationship.

Consider NIH director Francis Collins, for instance. After genetic testing suggested he was at increased risk for diabetes, he immediately altered his diet and exercise regimenpresumably because he strongly connected with the idea of genetic risk. Collins reaction isnt unique; Ive encountered a number of individuals whove apparently been motivated to change their lifestyle after getting curiosity-driven genetic testing.

The thing is, from a medical perspective, the logic is lacking, or at least soft; most people would presumably benefit from a healthier lifestyle, whether genetic testing reveals a particular predisposition or not. Collins, a physician-scientist, shouldnt have needed genetic testing to motivate lifestyle changes. Yet apparently, it took genetic testing because that deeply resonated with his explanatory model of illness.

As an aside, its important to recognize that patients are not the only ones who may find themselves beguiled by the charms of genetic data. A recent, powerful Stat article described a dubious genetic test used to help doctors select the optimal opioid for patients; the reporter, Charles Piller, memorably captures how the analysis was perceived by an enthusiastic physician:

Tests of how his patients would respond to particular drugs validate his clinical judgment most of the time, [the physician] said. When they dont, he ignores the results.

This seems like another version of genetics as placebomaking the doctor feel better about his diagnosisrather than genetics as discriminating science.

Ive also seen a similar phenomenon in biopharma companies that aspire to use biomarkers (not necessarily genetic) to guide decision-making during early drug development. Ive been surprised by how often biomarkers or other early signals are embraced when seem to support the decision the team wants to make (generally advancing a drug), but ignored or rationalized away when they go in the wrong direction. Of course context is always important in interpreting specific results, but its striking how early signals can be selectively employed in drug development decisions to inject the imprimatur of science into a confusing and often highly political process.

Returning our focus to patients, some might ask, whats so wrong about using genetic testing to motivate behavior change in those who are susceptiblewho in essence advertise their susceptibility by seeking out genetic testing? If the testing is legitimateas presumably Collins wasthen perhaps it will provide the motivation needed to pursue a healthy lifestyle. And even if the relationship between testing and therapeutic recommendation is scientifically dubious, it might still motivate the recipient to eat healthier, exercise more or perform at a higher level. It would be ironic, certainly, if the primary benefit of many genetic tests proves to be behavioral, but whats the harm, especially if its paid for by consumers?

The problem is that even if there are short-term successes, they may come at the unacceptable cost of eroding trust in the underlying science, a consequence that might ultimately undermine what genetics could one day deliver.

My fear is that validated genetics gets overwhelmed by hucksterism, and patients who might benefit from genetics will get turned off, and reject critically important advice. Just as unsupported belief in the science could lead to overly enthusiastic adoption today (such as using genetics to guide diet), its not hard to envision this ending badly, besmirching the reputation of genetics and leading to the concerning possibility that down the line, expectations of disappointment might dissuade potential users of genetic testing in the future.

But inevitably, Im more optimistic than concerned.

First, I hope is that even in a sea of unsupported wellness claims (eat this, not that; train this way, not that), it will still be possible to discern legitimate medical advice (take extreme measures to avoid the sun and see your dermatologist frequently if you carry particular mutations predisposing to melanoma, say) that could save someones life. Ideally, this rigorous vetting will come from the community itself, as it has in a number of other examples cardiologist and former FDA Chief Health Informatics Officer Taha Kass-Hout frequently cites.

Second, I hope that responsible, critical scientists continue to pursue links between genetics and behavior, including diet, exercise and human performance (the pioneering work of Stanford cardiologist Euan Ashley falls squarely into the last category, for examplealso discussed on this recent Tech Tonics podcast).

Thirdmuch as I argued in the New York Times when the human genome was first sequenced, nearly two decades agoI suspect the rigorous pursuit of genetics will perhaps paradoxically reveal the limits of reductionism, highlight that genetics is not everything and emphasize the need for more integrative approaches to vexing population health problems.

Or, as Dennis Ausiello, Joseph Martin and I put it in 2000, in the American Journal of Medicine,

As Goldstein and Brown recently noted, paraphrasing Magritte, a gene sequence is not a drug, and although the development of rational therapy for a disease may require an understanding of its molecular basis, the path from mechanistic understanding to clinical treatment is often difficult to define and hard to predict. Proteins often behave differently in test tubes than in cells, and cells behave differently in culture than as part of a vital organism. Finally, a patients experience of disease reflects more than simply an underlying biologic defect. It is, to quote Eric Cassell, a process inextricably bound up with the unfolding story of this particular patient. Thus, the critical question we are now struggling with as physicians and physician-scientists is how to avail ourselves of the advances in molecular biology without losing sight of our primary goalthe care and treatment of our patients.

Clearly, this struggle continues.

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Precision Credulity: How Specious Genetic Tests Might Motivate Real Behavior Change - American Enterprise Institute

Seattle Genetics Inc said on Monday the U.S. Food and Drug Administration lifted a clinical hold on several early stage studies testing its experimental cancer drug.

The FDA imposed the clinical hold in December after the company reported the deaths of four people in trials testing the experimental cancer drug, vadastuximab talirine.

Seattle Genetics said on Monday the clinical hold was resolved through a comprehensive study evaluating more than 300 patients and amendments to further enhance safety.

The company said it would resume two early-stage trials and initiate a mid-stage trial of vadastuximab talirine in 2017, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a type of blood cancer.

The drug would continue to be tested in an ongoing late-stage study in older AML patients, the company said.

AML is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes abnormal myeloblasts (a type of white-blood cell), red blood cells, or platelets.

Vadastuximab talirine, which has an orphan drug status from both the U.S. FDA and European regulators for the treatment of AML, is also being tested in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, another form of blood cancer.

Last month, Seattle Genetics entered into a development and licensing deal worth up to $2 billion with Immunomedics Inc to bolster its cancer drug pipeline.

Up to Friday's close, Seattle Genetics' shares had risen about 15 percent since the deal with Immunomedics.

(Reporting by Akankshita Mukhopadhyay in Bengaluru; Editing by Sriraj Kalluvila)

LONDON Three neuroscientists won the world's most valuable prize for brain research on Monday for pioneering work on the brain's reward pathways - a system that is central to human and animal survival as well as disorders such as addiction and obesity.

TG Therapeutics Inc said a combination of its experimental cancer drug, ublituximab, and approved treatment Imbruvica was found to be more effective in high-risk leukemia patients, compared with Imbruvica as a standalone therapy.

OncoCyte Corp, which is developing diagnostics in the fledgling field of liquid biopsies, said on Monday a 300-patient validation study of its blood test for early detection of lung cancer has confirmed the accuracy reported from a prior trial.

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Seattle Genetics to resume trials as FDA lifts clinical hold - Reuters

DNA Genetics is pleased to announce an agreement has been reached with Andrimner for the exclusive distribution of genetics to Spain, Italy and Portugal.

This partnership fits our strategy to be an international genetics company, says Brett Bonwell, CEO of DNA Genetics. Working with a growing, innovative organization like Andrimner, we can leverage our success in North America to this progressive swine market.

The transfer of genetics, both live animals and semen, is already under way from North America to southern Europe for multiplication. DNA Genetics maternal and terminal lines will be available there in the near future. This will provide producers in southern Europe with the fastest-growing genetics in North America, and help them compete in the global marketplace.

Andrimner plans to announce their new partnership with DNA Genetics at the Figan International Fair, a leading international livestock production trade show, being held in Zaragoza, Spain, in March.

Soren Hertel, CEO of Andrimner, says, Andrimner can provide pork producers with the highest quality genetics, and has the support of DNA Genetics, a company with a great understanding of the swine sector. We are looking forward to working with DNA Genetics for many years to come.

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DNA Genetics adds Andrimner as distribution partner in Southern Europe - National Hog Farmer

March 6, 2017 Credit: Shutterstock

Building on EU-funded research, scientists have identified genetic traits that heighten the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an incurable progressive lung condition that kills over 5 million people every year. While smoking remains the single most important risk factor, genetics also clearly plays a key role; only one in four smokers are likely to develop COPD.

Understanding why some people are more predisposed to developing COPD than others is important because it could lead to more effective diagnoses and treatments. For example if identified early, genetic risk factors can be used as biomarkers, and high risk individuals advised to avoid smoking to prevent the onset of COPD.

Genetic breakthrough

Scientists recently made a significant breakthrough in this direction. Building on some of the pioneering findings of the EU-funded COPACETIC project, an international team of researchers carried out a comprehensive genomic analysis and were able to identify 13 new genetic regions associated with COPD. In addition, they also discovered four genetic regions that were not previously associated with any lung function trait.

An overlap between genetic risk of COPD and two other lung diseases asthma and pulmonary fibrosis was found. These discoveries will enable scientists to identify high risk individuals and focus on new biological pathways to deliver therapies for patients with this disease.

'These findings would only be possible with the kind of large collaborative efforts that supports this study. Not only do the results build on our knowledge of COPD, but also reveal potential links with other lung diseases, like pulmonary fibrosis and asthma and can form the underpinnings of a precision medicine strategy for the treatment of more than one lung disease,' said Dr. James Kiley, Director of the Division of Lung Diseases of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the US.

Building on knowledge

With scientific progress a continual process of building upon previous discoveries , these advancesin the field of COPD and genetics grew from important ground work carried out by COPACETIC. In this project, a consortium of researchers from the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Sweden and Poland conducted a genome-wide scan of individuals at high risk, collecting genetic material from thousands of smokers and non-smokers from across Europe.

Genome-wide association scans (GWASs) for COPD found approximately 350 DNA variations that were subsequently examined. Studies were also carried out to identify genes involved in chronic mucous hypersecretion and factors including, but not limited to, genetics leading to lung function decline. Baseline studies showed that COPD resulted from airflow obstruction or tissue damage, but not both.

These international efforts to better understand the genetics behind COPD have shown that while smoking remains the number one causal factor (and that stopping smoking is vital if COPD patients hope to get better), cessation on its own may not be enough to stave off the disease. While it is clear that genetics does play a role in who develops the disease, the task now is to find efficient ways of using biomarkers to identify those individuals, and to develop targeted therapies.

Explore further: World lung health study allows scientists to predict your chance of developing COPD

More information: Project website: http://www.copacetic-study.eu/english

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Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) would benefit if pulmonary function testing was used more consistently to diagnose the condition, according to a study in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal)

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McMaster University researchers have found a new way to treat the world's worst infectious diseases, the superbugs that are resistant to all known antibiotics.

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Uncovering genetic links to the development of pulmonary disease - Medical Xpress

Different levels of anxiety complement different activities, report scientists who have previously studied anxiety. Likewise, anxiety induced by mathematical activities comes in varying levels, but researchers now conclude that anxiety surrounding mathematics, in particular, may be genetic.

Researchers from Kings College London tested anxiety levels in participants while they completed tasks, such as reading a map and solving simple geometry problems.

The population sample consisted of nearly 1,500 pairs of twins who were selected from the Twins Early Development Study, a twin study based in the United Kingdom. The researchers contacted over 16,000 families with twins born between 1994 and 1996 to take part in the study. Currently, 10,000 twins are still in the process of contributing to the study. Each family resides in either England or Wales.

Researchers selected twins to measure anxiety surrounding mathematics as a genetic predisposition. Each twin shared at least 50 percent of the DNA with the other twin. Each set of twins was evaluated using The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale, a test used to determine anxiety disorders in clinical cases. GAD-7 results help identify signs of panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and social anxiety. The scale asks participants to rate seven problems on a scale of one to four, which respectively covers the range between not at all bothered to bothered nearly every day.

Kings College researchers had study participants test anxiety levels through certain tasks, including geometry problems. Photo by: Calvin Rong

Researchers also modified the Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale to specifically determine the level of anxiety caused by mathematics. The AMAS uses a five-point scale to determine how anxious participants are when confronted with nine math-related activities. Examples include reading a math book or listening to a math lecture. All of the participants had already left school, so researchers also slightly modified the examples.

The researchers also tested a measure of spatial anxiety among the participants. Spatial thinking involves activities such as mental navigation, mental rotation and spatial visualization. The test asked participants to rate how comfortable they were with finding their way around meandering streets, using a shortcut without a map and following instructions to get to a new location. To measure rotation and visualization, participants were asked about their comfort level with completing a jigsaw puzzle or mentally rotating objects and figures.

Regarding gender differences and anxiety associated with math, the study writes: Socio-cultural factors, such as the gender stereotype surrounding mathematics and, more generally, [science, technology, engineering and mathematics] subjects may contribute to these observed sex differences in anxiety. For example, women who value mathematics, and are acquainted with the social stereotype that women tend not to do as well as men in mathematics, tend to be the most sensitive to the pressure of gender stereotype and to feel anxious about mathematics.

The study examines the link between spatial and mathematical abilities and success in STEM fields and concludes that anxiety may prevent people from reaching success in those professions. Lack of motivation to perform these skills may also deter people from exercising or trying them.

The researchers identified and accounted for different forms of anxiety, such as general anxiety, mathematical anxiety and spatial anxiety.

The results consistently revealed that each form of anxiety showed a strong genetic connection to each individual twin who participated in the study, indicating that anxiety may be a genetically determined quality. Differences in spatial anxiety, in particular, were not pinpointed to a cause. However, researchers speculate that the difference in twins levels of spatial anxiety can be attributed to the fact that they take part in different extracurricular activities and have different teachers or different groups of friends.

Anxiety associated with math directly correlates with less involvement in math-based programs. It also disables and discourages students from pursuing or further developing math skills.

This study can further assist in helping to pinpoint anxiety-inducing factors in children and students in an academic setting. It can help educators and parents predict the topics in which anxiety will most likely arise and whom it will most likely affect. This may enable educators to prepare interventions to help students get over this anxiety and increase their individual performance in areas where math is required or expected.

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Genetics impacts feelings of anxiety surrounding mathematics - The Ticker