Cries of Nazis, go home! and Shame! Shame! filled the air as Angela King and Tony McAleer stood with other counterprotesters at the recent free speech rally in Boston.

They didnt join the shouting. Their sign spoke for them: There is life after hate.

They know because McAleer and King were once young extremists themselves, before they co-founded the nonprofit Life After Hate to help former white supremacists restart their lives. To hear them talk about their pasts hints at what may be in the minds of those inside the far-right fringe groups whose actions have ignited raw, angry passions across the country. What are people thinking when they spew hate? Are they all true believers? Whats more, how does someone get that way?

The uncovered American faces of white supremacy and neo-Nazism were broadcast on TV and the internet for all to see at the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Va., this month, which ended in violence and with one person dead. The forces that drew them there are not new.

Hate groups in the U.S. number 917 and have been on the rise for two years, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center. It attributes the trend partly to the attention given to extremist views during the 2016 presidential campaign.

But people dont perceive extremist groups beliefs the same way. The term alt-right referring to a loosely organized group that developed in response to mainstream conservatism and has been associated with white nationalism and anti-Semitism was unknown to a majority of Americans in late 2016, according to a Pew Research Center survey. And familiarity rose in tandem with a respondents education about three-quarters of those with postgraduate degrees recognized the term, as did about 60 percent of college graduates. Among those with only a high school education, about a third had heard the term.

Those who study human behavior attribute hate speech more to deep personality issues than to a diagnosable mental illness. But theyre also intrigued by how the white supremacy movement is rebranding itself for the 21st century. The well-known racist symbols of white robes and hoods or shaved heads and torches have given way to a clean-cut subtlety for the millennial generation. With heightened tensions on all sides, theres a renewed interest in explaining how minds turn toward hate.

Tony McAleer attends the Fight Supremacy! Boston Counter-Protest & Resistance Rally on Boston Common on Aug. 19. McAleer spent 15 years as a recruiter for the White Aryan Resistance before co-founding the nonprofit Life After Hate. (Melissa Bailey/KHN)

I felt power where I felt powerless. I felt a sense of belonging where I felt invisible, McAleer, 49, said of the pull of white nationalism that led him to spend 15 years as a skinhead recruiter and an organizer for the White Aryan Resistance.

I was beaten at an all-boys Catholic school on a regular basis at 10 or 11, said McAleer, a middle-class kid from Canada, which left him with an unhealthy sense of identity.

King, 42, who grew up in rural South Florida, said she turned to white nationalism as a child, first learning racial slurs from her parents. Growing up, she questioned her sexual identity and didnt fit in. At 12, she said, a school bully ripped her shirt open, exposing her training bra and humiliating her in front of her classmates.

At that point, I decided if I became the bully, no one could do that to me, King said. She became a neo-Nazi skinhead at 15, and at 23 went to prison for three years for a hate crime. King had a tattoo of a swastika on her right hand; she has since covered it up with the likeness of a cat.

Young people with a troubled past are especially vulnerable, said psychologist Ervin Staub, of Holyoke, Mass., a professor emeritus at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst who studies social processes that lead to violence.

Why would people join groups like that? It usually involves them finding no other socially acceptable and meaningful ways to fulfill important needs the need for identity; the need for a feeling of effectiveness; the need for a feeling of connection, Staub said. Often, these are people who dont feel like theyve succeeded or had a chance to succeed across normal channels of success in society. They may come from families that are problematic or families where theyre exposed to this kind of extreme views of white superiority and nationalism. If you dont feel you have much influence and power in the world, you get a sense of power from being part of a community and especially a rather militant community.

Angela King participates in a counter-protest during what was billed as a free speech rally in Boston on Aug. 19. King, a former neo-Nazi who went to prison at 23 for three years for a hate crime, co-founded the nonprofit Life After Hate. (Melissa Bailey/KHN)

A 2015 report from the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (known as START) found that former members of violent white supremacist groups showed almost half (45 percent) reporting being the victim of childhood physical abuse and about 20 percent reporting being the victim of childhood sexual abuse.

The study by sociologist Pete Simi of Chapman University in Orange, Calif., suggests that influences on these followers may be related more to the groups social bonds than ideology.

Simi, an expert on violence and extremist groups who has interviewed hundreds of former believers, co-wrote American Swastika: Inside the White Power Movements Hidden Spaces of Hate with sociologist Robert Futrell of the University of Nevada-Las Vegas.

Now that these groups are courting millennials, theyve taken to changing their image, Futrell said.

Its an attempt to distance from the past when the picture in all our minds of a white supremacist was the KKK [Ku Klux Klan] with a hood and cape or a neo-Nazi with a shaved head and tattoos. Thats gone by the wayside over the last decade, he said.

Groups advocating white superiority have always preyed on young, impressionable people who are loners or had a traumatic thing in their background, Futrell said. Whats different now is the range of ways the white power movement is reaching them. The internet is a boon to those who are stigmatized and relatively powerless.

The alt-right has gained power online, as its proponents use Twitter, YouTube and other social media platforms to spread their message. A study last year from George Washington University found that white nationalists are heavy users of Twitter.

Yet while organizing has gone virtual, the power of a real-life crowd also fuels behaviors, said media psychologist Pamela Rutledge, director of the nonprofit Media Psychology Research Center in Newport Beach, Calif.

Theres a long history starting with [psychoanalyst Sigmund] Freud on the impact of crowd behavior and mob mentality, she said. People give up individual identity to support the norm of the group and affiliation with the group and end up behaving in ways they wouldnt otherwise individually.

In such tense conflicts, Futrell said, the natural cues that people use to understand appropriate behavior get skewed.

Its not surprising in a combustible situation, when people are on edge, once an aggressive move is made, it cues to others that its OK, he said. This is the norm at that moment, and they act.

Forensic psychologist Laurence Miller, of Boca Raton, Fla., said theres a misunderstanding about the motivations of those who join fringe groups that they have an ideology and search for a group when, really, its the other way around.

People will pick a belief system that best matches their personalities and their identities, he said.

But he emphasizes that humans are complex.In the Deep South, it was common for otherwise upstanding citizens mayors, sheriffs and judges, among others to be members of the KKK.

You can have people who put on a hood and march with a torch and take their kids to the playground, Miller said.

KHN reporter Melissa Bailey contributed to this story from Boston. It was first published Aug. 24, 2017, by Kaiser Health News.

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Childhood torment, social isolation can turn minds toward hate - The CT Mirror

To say Lisa McConnell has been busy since the first of August is an understatement.

On that day, she took the reins from Jeff Kubel in her first day as Temeculas new chief of police.

I have not slowed down since the day I was promoted, which I love, she said.

Still, she carved out time to discuss her background, experience and priorities.

Q: Youre a Riverside County native?

A: Yes, I moved from Riverside to Murrieta in 2001.

Q: What excites you most about stepping into this new role?

A: I have a passion for policing and want to make a positive difference in the lives of the residents of our community. Im excited to interact with a diverse group of people within the Temecula area and encourage the men and women of the Temecula Police Department to be more engaged with the community.

Q: Can you share your top priorities for your tenure as chief of police?

A: We were just named the 13th safest city in the country and have routinely been ranked one of the safest cities.

I want to focus on maintaining that reputation while improving the communication, trust and partnership we have with the citizens we serve.

Engaging with the community is one of my top priorities. I would like to increase our involvement with the Boys and Girls Club, our Police Activity League and other community groups.

Q: Why did you choose to pursue graduate level studies psychology?

A: I obtained my bachelors degree in psychology before I joined the Sheriffs Department. I was interested in pursuing a career in counseling but, as fate would have it, I went into law enforcement.

Q: What value do you think that education brings to your work?

A: Understanding human behavior has helped me as a deputy on patrol and as a crisis negotiator.

Q: You sit on the board of directors of the nonprofit group project T.O.U.C.H. (Together Our Unity Conquers Homelessness). Do you see issues around homelessness as a priority moving forward?

A: Ive been involved with helping the homeless population since 2008. Being homeless is not a crime.

However, when we get complaints from concerned citizens about a homeless person, we respond to determine if a crime has been committed.

If we find the person is engaging in criminal activity such as trespassing, public intoxication, theft, vandalism, public urination, etc. we enforce the law and make arrests when possible.

But, if there is no violation of the law, our only option is to offer a homeless person resources to try to help them up and out of their homeless situation.

Q: How do you do that?

A: Our police department created a team to work on the issue of homelessness by reassigning four of our Problem Oriented Policing officers to a Homeless Outreach Team.

The Homeless Outreach Team works closely with the homeless and the citys pantry vendor, Community Mission of Hope.

The team employs a two-pronged approach: 1. a zero-tolerance stance on crime, and 2. a concerted effort to get law abiding homeless people the resources they need.

My involvement with Project Touch has helped me identify the many resources available to assist with the homeless population.

Q: Is there a goal you hope to achieve as chief of police?

A: My hope is we become more involved in our community. I believe community-oriented policing is effective.

I encourage neighborhood watch groups, and enjoy providing training and education to children, teens, families and seniors on various topics.

Q: Who, or what, inspires you?

A: Im inspired by survivors who are able to get back up, pick up the pieces and use the situation as a learning experience. These people refuse to let their circumstances define them.

Email: temecula@sduniontribune.com

More here:
New chief talks about her background, experience and priorities - The San Diego Union-Tribune

It was a moral motive that led me, and tens of thousands of other persons, to embark upon Selma, Alabama to protest in person against the professed, expressed, and actualized concept of racism. That motive was heightened by the memories of those who have been victims of racism, since its embarkation on the shores of America. Those memories included the Irish emigrants, fleeing racial oppression from persons of like skin color under British rule. They included the unfair racial treatment of the Native Americans by various immigrants from European nations seeking better opportunities for themselves and their families. It especially, and specifically, included the African slaves who, against their will, were imported to this country for the economic benefit of many of those same immigrant groups of different ethnicities. Racism is the belief that one's race determines one's value and role in life. Racism transcends slavery, yet it is engrained in the very core of this nations conception, birth, and development.

The historical memories of the Trail of Tears for the Cherokee families and tribes stretching from the eastern shores of the Carolinas to the plains of Oklahoma and other neighboring areas. The hushed stories of the varied treatment of the biracial children of slave owners some sold to slave owners in other areas; some raised to render services of "higher" levels of servitude; still others blatantly ignored as part of the genetic bloodline. Other hushed stories of those "impudent" slaves whose bodies were hung from tree limbs, or those who became the main course for the bottom feeders in the rivers and streams like the Tallahatchie.

I had already experienced various forms of racism in the public schools of my Midwestern hometown. I had already participated in peaceful civil rights demonstrations. I had already been arrested in sit-ins. I had already chanced my head and throat in a white barber shop near the campus of the University of Illinois. I had already been the recipient of having my behind literally kicked black and blue. Racism was repugnant to me. It was a personal experience. Something else still needed to be done. Deep down in my heart and spirit I knew that racism was wrong. It could not be swept under the rugs of academic, economic, political, nor social achievement.

Racism is one of the greatest examples of immoral human behavior! Racism is not only a spiritual offense against mankind, it is also an abomination against God! Racism defies and rejects the Divine intent and plan for man to manifest that "image" of Godliness an image which is to be realized within oneself and displayed to his fellow man.

It must be realized that racism is actually a self-centered and self-focused behavior pattern based on fear! Fear that someone else might achieve some sort of benefits, opportunities and/or status that I dont want that person to have. Racism is a rejection of the Divine equality of mankind. It is a false perception of a "divine right"!

Racism is an effort to perceive and project oneself as being better than another, even being closer to God than another. Racism is the epitome of self-deception!

Racism prevents even the racist from experiencing and maintaining a right relationship with God. Racism hinders and prevents a man from being and becoming what God intended for him, in time and in eternity. Racism is not morally right! Racism is a sin!

Something has to change! Racism must not prevail! What will it take? Fortunately, God included in His plan for mankind a solution, even a corrective process for racism. A two-fold process. The first component of that process is called repentance. Thats right! Repentance! Unless and until a person recognizes and admits his/her inner belief, even conviction, that he/she is better than, more important than any other person especially someone of another ethnicity he will continue being a racist! When he/she realizes and accepts the fact that such feelings and behavior is against God and decides to change, to discontinue such behavior, and starts treating all persons as one in whom the Spirit of God dwells, then the spirit of racism, that sense of superiority over another human being will cease.

Now the second component of that corrective process for racism is called reconciliation! That means to do all that you can to help restore victims and perpetrators of racism to the right perceptions and forms of relationships that engender and promote equal, fair, and godly interactions, privileges, and opportunities for all human beings.

This corrective process of racism requires one having a moral moment! An encounter with God that moves one beyond oneself to a point of determination that Gods Will for self and for all mankind must become the prevailing process for all human interaction! It must become a moment of self-determination to help implement and promote such actions of repentance and reconciliation.

Racism is not of God! And just as Jesus died to save us from all of our sins including racism we too, who believe in and follow Jesus as the Savior, must also be willing to die that all sinners, even racists, might be forgiven and reconciled to God and man.

Selma became that moral moment for me! Selma became that moment when I faced my Gethsemane! Selma became that moment when I became willing to even face death for my moral convictions!

Have you had your moral moment?

Rev. Samuel Hale is the pastor of Zion Missionary Baptist Church in Springfield.

Rev. Samuel W. Hale, Jr.

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Rev. Samuel W. Hale: Coming to your moral moment - The State Journal-Register

It's been said, and we've grown up hearing, that all the cells in our bodies regenerate every seven to 10 years, including the heart and the brain. Can we assume then, that our moral and emotional compasses are also capable of transforming over time?

That notion has been belied, judging by the numbers of aging long-termers warehoused in prison who have been denied parole by commissioners basing their decisions only on what individuals did rather than who they are. People of conscience are now watching the forthcoming decisions of five recent appointees to see if they ascribe to transformation.

It is too late for John MacKenzie, a model prisoner who hung himself at the age of 70 after 35 years of incarceration and 10 repeated parole denials. MacKenzie is the human sacrifice that underscores the broken parole system.

As a former parole commissioner, it was unusual for me to meet a parole candidate over the age of 50. Last year, of 52,344 inmates in the state's correctional facilities, 10,140 (19 percent) were over 50, despite the decline in the overall population. The number of elderly incarcerated has increased 98 percent since 2000, reflecting the Parole Board's unwillingness to release inmates, even after they've met their minimum allowable sentence.

"Life" on the back of a sentence appears to give a pass to the commissioners unwilling to accept transformation in human behavior and too politically motivated to practice their job, which is risk assessment. Thus, we have prison hospitals and infirmaries filled with long-termers languishing through the years, even though their risk of re-offending is 1 percent. And the health care costs for the prisons have increased 20 percent from three years ago to $380 million today, up $64.5 million.

If the parole board doesn't trust in people's transformations, supported by their proof of advanced education, program involvement, clean disciplinary records and so on, perhaps they'll believe in new evidence in neuroplasticity, a field of science that is also coming of age. Simply stated, it uses brain scans to show that the brain has the ability to change and heal itself as it is subjected to new experiences. Much is coming to light in the medical community about this area of study, with implications of change for ADD and Parkinson's Disease behaviors.

This has an important implication for criminal justice as well the possibility that people can become entirely different in their behaviors. Physical change occurs in the brain on its own, with exposure to life's surrounding stimulus over time.

I would estimate that 80 percent of 77,000 parole interviews I participated in were with people who suffered early life traumas, such as sex abuse, violence and concussions.

Our older imprisoned people have gained maturity, non-violent adaptive behaviors and introspection. They become different people, demonstrating different responses.

Those in prison are there for crimes that are, without exception, horrendous. While the penalties for these crimes can never truly make a victim whole, the court-sanctioned sentence is our accepted legal calibration for commensurate time.

Can denying parole for 30 years or more beyond a minimum sentence change the crime? Can expressing redemption and remorse 10, 13 or 17 times before the Parole Board make a person any more prepared to face the community?

No. It makes them older and sicker, and some don't even recall why they are there. These aged are mostly invisible people. On paper, we don't see their limps, their dementia, their physical impairments, their addled senses, their diminished capacities. They bring with them all the hope it takes to describe their transformation and regret to the Parole Board, only to be almost certainly denied based on the "nature of the crime." And the aging over-50 category grows.

Perhaps the Parole Board can examine the possibility of the growth of their own hearts and their brains among their new colleagues.

Barbara Hanson Treen served on the state Parole Board from 1984 to 1996.

See the original post here:
Parole Board ignores the capacity for change - Albany Times Union

A scientist wanting to hack into an animals brain used to have three different tools to choose from: electriccurrent, drugs, and light. Now theres a fourth: magnetic fields. In a paper published last week in the open-access journal eLife, scientists at the University at Buffalo used magneto-thermal genetics to manipulate brain cells in mice, enabling the researchers to control the animals behavior.

Magneto-thermal genetics has been previously shownto activate neurons in anesthetized rodent brains, but this is the first time anyone hasreported using the tool to manipulate animal behavior, says Arnd Pralle, the University at Buffalo biophysicist who led the research.

Brain hacking tools help scientists better understand the wiring of the brainthe arrangement of neural circuits and which onescontrol different movements and behaviors. These tools could someday lead to the development of artificial human eyes and ears, or treatments for paralysis,traumatic brain injury, and diseases such as Parkinsons and depression.

Over the past few years, major funding agencieshave encouraged scientists and bioengineers to focus their work on the bodys internal wiring. The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and DARPA have been doling out grants for work on both the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Engineers play a key role in the research. The bodys nervous systems communicate, after all, in a language of electrical signals. Researchers must not only map those signals, but also figure out how to interface with them, and override them when they malfunction.

Magnetic fields can do the job (following some complicated, multi-step bioengineering). In Pralles experiments, he and his team injected a virus containing a gene and some helper genetic elementsinto the brains of mice. This genetic material gets incorporated into the DNA of the mouses brain cells, or neurons. The foreign gene makes the neurons heat sensitive. Next, they injected magnetic nanoparticlesinto a specific region of the mouse brain that latch onto the neurons in that region. They then applied alternating magnetic fields, which cause the nanoparticles to heat up a couple of degrees. The rise in temperature triggers the heat-sensitive neurons to open ion channels. Positively-charged ions flow into the neuron, causing it to fire.

Pralle demonstrated proof of the concept in 2010, and others, such as Polina Anikeeva, a professor of materials science and engineering at MIT, have since improved upon it. Those studies confirmed that the technique could indeed activate neurons in the rodent brain.

In the new study, Pralle and his team show how magneto-thermal genetics can manipulate behavior in mice that are awake and freely moving. In their experiments, they activated regions of the brain that made the mice run faster around the perimeter of their cages, spin in circles, and, eerily, freeze the motion of all four paws.

Those same behaviors have been induced in rodents by activating neurons using other brain hacking tools, including optogenetics (in which neurons are genetically sensitized to respond to light), and chemogenetics (in which neurons are genetically sensitized to respond to designer drugs).

Those three toolsmagneto-thermal genetics, optogenetics, and chemogeneticsare new and purely experimental. A fourth toolelectrical stimulationhas been around for decades, with some success in treating Parkinsons, depression, memory loss, paralysis, and epilepsy in humans.

None of the tools has made a dent, relatively speaking, in the range of functions that the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves control. Its like owning four different musical instruments and knowing how to play onlya few rudimentary toddler songs on each of them. That untapped potential has inspired scientists to continue to test and develop the tools.

That means overcomingthe shortcomings of each tool. Electrical stimulation of deep brain regions requires, at least for now, an invasive surgical procedure to implant electrodes. That limits the number of patients willing to undergo the surgery. The method is also limited in how specifically it can target small brain regions or cell types.

Optogenetic techniques can target specific neurons, but animals in these experiments usually have to be tethered to an optical fiber or other kind of implant that delivers the light, which can affect their behavior. Study animals undergoing chemogenetic modulation can run free, but their response to the drugs is much slower than to light or electrical stimulation.

Magneto-thermal genetic toolsare non-invasive, tetherless, and induce a response within seconds of turning on the magnetic fields. But theres controversy over how the tool works.

Pralles team has shown that the magnetic nanoparticles injected into the mouse brains latch onto the membranes of the neurons, thus restricting the heating to those membranes rather than diffusing out to the surrounding liquid. This makes little sense from a physics point of view, and contradicts basic principles of heat transfer, saysMarkus Meister, a bioengineer at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.

Meister has also argued that previous experiments in magnetogeneticsa sister tool to magneto-thermal geneticsthat involves a different mechanismcontradict the laws of physics.He laid out his back-of-the-envelope calculations last year ina paper ineLife, whichgarnered a lot of attentionin the field of neuromodulation.

However, Pralles main claim, that he successfully used magnetic heating to control animal behavior, looks well supported, Meister says. Bottom line, the reported effects on behavior look real, but just what the mechanism is behind them remains to be understood.

Pralle says his work clearly demonstrates and measures local heating at the cell membrane, showing that it does indeed occur. Why thats happening, however, is unclear, he says.We cannot completely explain why the increase in heat stays within a few tenths or hundredths of nanometers of the neuronal membrane, Pralle says. The heat should diffuse more quickly into the [surrounding] water solution, so it shouldnt have much of a local heating effect.

Several theorists and experimentalists, including Anikeeva, have formulated and are testingmodels to explain the phenomenon. Similar effects have been seen, measured and correctly predicted for laser heating of gold nanoparticles in water, Pralle says.

Anikeeva says she sees nocontroversy in Pralles latest work. Meisters argument is based on a model that isnot applicable to nanoscale heat transport, she says.

Next, Pralle plans to develop, in collaboration with Anikeeva,a magneto-thermal genetics tool that can modulate multiple areas of the brain simultaneously, allowing the researchers to more fully control behavior, or multiple behaviors at one time. If we dream about it we can overcome the technical hurdles, Pralle says.

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Magnetothermal Genetics: A Fourth Tool in the Brain-Hacking Toolbox - IEEE Spectrum

Investigating sex differences in the role of stress and hormones on affiliative behavior by people was the goal of a recent study. For anyone interested in the influence of hormones on behavior, the results are exciting, but its the dog angle thats most noteworthy to me.

The study measured peoples affiliative behavior towards their dogs after victory or defeat in an agility competition. (A qualifying score of 85 or better was considered a victory. Scores below 85 were classified as defeats.) Its gratifying that the researchers recognized the truly competitive nature of canine agility and its usefulness for studying reactions to victory and defeat. The main finding was that men and women exhibit different patterns of affiliative behavior based on whether they experienced success or failure, but they did not show different amounts of affiliative behavior overall.

One specific finding was that after defeat, women were more affiliative towards their dogs, but that men showed the reverse patternmore affiliative behavior after victory. Additionally, the higher their cortisol levels (associated with defeat), the more affiliative behavior the women showed, but men responded to higher cortisol levels with lower levels of affiliative behavior. Their conclusion is that affiliative behavior is a sign of shared celebration for men, but of shared consolation for women. (Its not clear how this impacts peoples relationships with their dogs as that was beyond the scope of this study, but I would LOVE to see further research that explores that question.)

Since the paper is written mainly for scientists concerned with the role of social stressors and hormones on affiliative behavior rather than for people interested in dogs, they had to explain what agility is and make the case that it is truly competitive. They wrote, As a rule, contestants take these competitions very seriously,an obvious understatement.

With their choice to study human affiliative behavior in the context of agility, the authors demonstrated the ever- increasing recognition of the importance of dogs in peoples lives.

Excerpt from:
Studying Human Behavior in Dog Agility - The Bark (blog)

An innovative and new behavioral study is being conducted on Block Island using a free smartphone app to examine how daily activities expose people to the risks of acquiring diseases transmitted by ticks. The all-mobile research study app, called the Tick App,is available to IOS and Android smartphone users.

The app was created by Columbia Universitys tick and Lyme disease research team, led by Dr. Maria Diuk-Wasser, a professor in the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology (E3B). It offers the Block Island community a way to understand what activities and specific locations on the island lead to the highest risk of tick exposure. The pilot study is open, and is seeking residents and visitors on Block Island to participate by utilizing the app through September 2017. Dr. Diuk-Wasser intends to report her findings before next spring.

A summary from the research team noted that the goal of the study is to evaluate the use of ecological momentary assessments as a tool to assess risk factors for Lyme disease. This study will be conducted on Block Island, and data on human behavior will be obtained from a smartphone application using momentary assessments methodology to assess real time behavior and movement.

Were excited about the app, said Dr. Diuk-Wasser, who noted that the pilot study was hatched out of collaboration with a colleague. Dr. Diuk-Wassers team began using the app in June, and will share the results with Dr. Peter Krause, a Senior Research Scientist studying vector borne diseases at Yale University. Dr. Krause and his team will test participants at the conclusion of the study at the end of September.

Dr. Diuk-Wasser said subjects will participate using the app for about three weeks during the study. She said the app tracks the participants range of movement daily providing mapping information about dangerous areas on the island. She is hopeful that her research draws a large field of participants.

Dr. Diuk-Wasser has been working on Block Island since 2010, investigating links between the islands environment, animal populations, and human cases of Lyme disease. Other members of her research team are Pilar Fernandez, an Earth Institute post-doctorate fellow, and Pallavi Kache, who will be starting her PhD program at E3B in the fall.

Fernandez, who has been leading the teams communication efforts, said the app provides a way to use new tools and resources to conduct our research.She noted that users can participate using either a username, or their own name if they choose. Were the only ones who will be accessing the data from the study, she said.

According to a press release, The Tick App uses a combination of pop-up survey questions and geolocation technology to collect data. With these functions, Dr. Diuk-Wassers research team will be able to uncover how peoples day-to-day activities and movement around the island play a role in their risk for tick bites and tick-borne diseases. This information can help develop disease-control programs that take the lifestyle of the Block Island community into consideration and help develop educational programs to reduce disease risk.

The Tick App asks participants to:

Answer two multiple-choice questions sent at random times each day about their current activity

Answer two multiple-choice questions at the end of each day about all the activities they did that day

Answer one fill-in-the-blank questionnaire at the end of each day about how many ticks they found on themselves and their pet (if applicable)

Turn on location services so that the participants movement around the island can be detected

The summary states that the aim of the research is to recruit 100 Block Island residents and 100 visitors who have a personal smartphone. Vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women, the elderly, or children, will be excluded. The study will produce highly precise behavioral data about tick exposure which will lead to deepen our understanding on what intervention strategies might be most needed and most effective, pertaining to the fight against tick-borne disease.

The Block Island Times reported on Dr. Diuk-Wassers five-year research study that she presented at the Island Free Library on July 11, 2016. During her presentation she explained the pivotal role that deer and mice play in the spread of tick-borne diseases on Block Island.

To learn more about the app or to schedule an interview, contact: Maria Diuk-Wasser, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology at Columbia University. Phone: 212-854-3355 E-mail: bitickapp@gmail.com, Website: http://www.columbia.edu/~mad2256, Study Website: https://thetickapp.org/ and Twitter: @diukwasserlab. Dr. Diuk-Wasser said she is seeking additional funding to further the evolution of the app and her studies, which she hopes to continue into the near future.

Read more from the original source:
New app studies tick disease risks - Block Island Times (press release) (subscription) (blog)

When George Zimmerman went on trial four years ago for the shooting of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin, the Sanford (Florida) Police Department senta request to the states attorney asking whether his death would be determined a justifiable homicide. Under Floridas stand your ground laws, such a designation would allow Zimmerman to claim his killing of Martin occurred in self-defense and he did so, successfully.

By the time the jury delivered a not guilty verdict for Zimmerman in 2013, self-defense had become an increasingly common rationalization for homicide cases in the U.S.as stand your ground laws proliferated state-by-state. In Florida,therateof justifiable homiciderose200%from 2005, when stand your ground went into effect, to 2013.

A new report by the Marshall Project published this month,which examines FBI data about 400,000 civilian homicides,finds that cases are far more likely to be determined justifiable homicides when the killer is white and the victim is black. In fact, while justifiable homicides only constituted 2% of all cases, that percentage swelled to 17%when the cases involved a white civilian killing a black civilian. According to the authors of the Marshall Project report:

The vast majority of killings of whites are committed by other whites, contrary to some folk wisdom, and the overwhelming majority of killings of blacks is by other blacks. But killings of black males by white people are labeled justifiable more than eight times as often as others. This racial disparity has persisted for decades and is hard to explain based solely on the circumstances reported by the police data.

The phrase justifiable homicide is one of those oddities of a justice system that seeks to make room for human fallibility in legal classification and language for example, homicides committed by domestic violence victims against their abusers. But these adjustments for the failures of human judgment end up accommodating prejudices and biases that disproportionately benefit nonblack defendants and victimize black victims. It's not just white-on-black self-defense claims, says Jody David Armour, a professor of law at the University of Southern California. It's any self-defense claims that include a black victim, whether the shooter is white, black, Latino, or Asian.

Jody David Armour. Photo courtesy of the University of Southern California.

Armour is the author of Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism: The Hidden Costs of Being Black in America, a 1997 book that examined how unconscious racism against black people manifests systemicallyin institutions like the justice system.

The key legal test for determining whether a homicide was justifiable is something called the reasonable person standard, says Armour in cases involving civilians or a police officer. The test asks one simple question: Would a reasonable person in this situation detect an imminent threat by the victim?

The way the law defines 'reasonable' is not 'rational,' says Armour. Reasonable does not mean right. All reasonable means is 'typical.' 'Ordinary.' You're a reasonable person if you're an ordinary person, if you're the average person.

A persons reasonableness insulates them from accountability when their mistakes are determined to fall within the spectrum of typicalhuman behavior and inadequacy. The reasonable person test says you don't condemn somebody who's just expressed ordinary human frailty in whatever they've done, says Armour. But human failure is not always natural or predetermined its often influenced by the social environments in which we are raised.

The problem with the typical is reasonable approach, which is the one we use in a court, is that it would let off the hook a lot of, for example, Germans in Nazi Germany in 1939 or 1940, adds Armour. If they could say, Hey, I was anti-Semitic but it was typical to be anti-Semitic. You can't blame me for being anti-Semitic if most people around me were.

Though Charlottesville made it clear that anti-Semitism is on the rise in America, racism is undeniably a foundational characteristic of contemporary American society, embedded in the body politic. So it stands to be argued that a reasonable person in the United States is likely a racist one, too.

We know that at an unconscious level, ordinary people harbor negative stereotypes about blacks, says Armour. And among those stereotypes that ordinary people harbor about blacks are that blacks are more violent and crime-prone. That stereotype can operate unconsciously, automatically.

A 1976 study by University of California, Berkeley, professor Birt Duncan exemplifies the ways in which these unconscious beliefs function in real life. Duncan made his subjects of varied races view and evaluate a taped interaction between two people having a discussion about another colleagues job placement. The conversation becomes heated, and one of them gets up to leave, ambiguously bumping the other person on their way out.

When someone black initiated that ambiguous bump, the subjects were much more likely to interpret the bump as hostile or violent. When someone white initiated the same bump, the subject was much more likely to interpret it as merely horseplay or dramatized, says Armour. This pattern of judgment was the same whether the subject was black or white. These findings reveal how ordinary Americans have been socialized to read aggression into the behaviors and movements of black people behaviors that would otherwise be read as nonthreatening when performed by a white people.

If 'reasonable' means 'typical,' then the question becomes, 'Does a typical person in America consider race, consider blackness, when they're assessing the dangerousness of an ambiguous or suspicious person? asks Armour. And the tragic truth is, study after study shows and we know it if we just consult our own intuition that ordinary people in America, ordinary people do consider race when they're assessing someone's dangerousness.

This is why, for example, black men frequently observe white women clutching their purses a little tighter when they walk past them on the street. Its a psychological tic that reporter Frederick H. Lowe explored in an article for the Chicago Reader called the The Clutch of Fear, calling it a form of racist signaling. In it, he interviewed psychiatrist Carl Bell, who said:"It's a nonverbal kinetic that wears at a black man's self-esteem. A white woman sees a black man and she instantly stereotypes him as someone who plans to rape and rob her.

There is a mental tax for these kinds of interactions, levied mostly against black men. This type of projection depletes a black man's energy because he constantly thinks about it, said Bell. It limits his mobility. And it impinges on his life, because he's constantly kept off guard, preventing him from focusing on other issues."

And in places where guns are easily accessible, its not just a black persons energy or mental health that is threatened its their very life, as demonstrated in the case of Trayvon Martin. Zimmerman, an ordinary person, harboring many of the same prejudices that the white women in The Clutch of Fear cling to, determined that Martins behaviors were hostileand that Martin, a 17-year-old boy, posed an imminent threat to his life. Zimmermans possession of a gun allowed him to act on that split-second judgment with violence, taking Martins life.

But in the eyes of the law, Zimmermans killing was consideredjustifiable because his perceptions matched those of an ordinary jury. This legal applicationempties the word of its meaning what becomes clear is that in at least one case of justifiable homicide, justicewas not dispensed.

Share image and top image byKena Betancur/Getty Images.

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The Killings Of Black Men Are More Likely To Be Labelled 'Justifiable' - GOOD Magazine

An innovative and new behavioral study is being conducted on Block Island using a free smartphone app to examine how daily activities expose people to the risks of acquiring diseases transmitted by ticks. The all-mobile research study app, called the Tick App,is available to IOS and Android smartphone users.

The app was created by Columbia Universitys tick and Lyme disease research team, led by Dr. Maria Diuk-Wasser, a professor in the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology (E3B). It offers the Block Island community a way to understand what activities and specific locations on the island lead to the highest risk of tick exposure. The pilot study is open, and is seeking residents and visitors on Block Island to participate by utilizing the app through September 2017. Dr. Diuk-Wasser intends to report her findings before next spring.

A summary from the research team noted that the goal of the study is to evaluate the use of ecological momentary assessments as a tool to assess risk factors for Lyme disease. This study will be conducted on Block Island, and data on human behavior will be obtained from a smartphone application using momentary assessments methodology to assess real time behavior and movement.

Were excited about the app, said Dr. Diuk-Wasser, who noted that the pilot study was hatched out of collaboration with a colleague. Dr. Diuk-Wassers team began using the app in June, and will share the results with Dr. Peter Krause, a Senior Research Scientist studying vector borne diseases at Yale University. Dr. Krause and his team will test participants at the conclusion of the study at the end of September.

Dr. Diuk-Wasser said subjects will participate using the app for about three weeks during the study. She said the app tracks the participants range of movement daily providing mapping information about dangerous areas on the island. She is hopeful that her research draws a large field of participants.

Dr. Diuk-Wasser has been working on Block Island since 2010, investigating links between the islands environment, animal populations, and human cases of Lyme disease. Other members of her research team are Pilar Fernandez, an Earth Institute post-doctorate fellow, and Pallavi Kache, who will be starting her PhD program at E3B in the fall.

Fernandez, who has been leading the teams communication efforts, said the app provides a way to use new tools and resources to conduct our research.She noted that users can participate using either a username, or their own name if they choose. Were the only ones who will be accessing the data from the study, she said.

According to a press release, The Tick App uses a combination of pop-up survey questions and geolocation technology to collect data. With these functions, Dr. Diuk-Wassers research team will be able to uncover how peoples day-to-day activities and movement around the island play a role in their risk for tick bites and tick-borne diseases. This information can help develop disease-control programs that take the lifestyle of the Block Island community into consideration and help develop educational programs to reduce disease risk.

The Tick App asks participants to:

Answer two multiple-choice questions sent at random times each day about their current activity

Answer two multiple-choice questions at the end of each day about all the activities they did that day

Answer one fill-in-the-blank questionnaire at the end of each day about how many ticks they found on themselves and their pet (if applicable)

Turn on location services so that the participants movement around the island can be detected

The summary states that the aim of the research is to recruit 100 Block Island residents and 100 visitors who have a personal smartphone. Vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women, the elderly, or children, will be excluded. The study will produce highly precise behavioral data about tick exposure which will lead to deepen our understanding on what intervention strategies might be most needed and most effective, pertaining to the fight against tick-borne disease.

The Block Island Times reported on Dr. Diuk-Wassers five-year research study that she presented at the Island Free Library on July 11, 2016. During her presentation she explained the pivotal role that deer and mice play in the spread of tick-borne diseases on Block Island.

To learn more about the app or to schedule an interview, contact: Maria Diuk-Wasser, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology at Columbia University. Phone: 212-854-3355 E-mail: bitickapp@gmail.com, Website: http://www.columbia.edu/~mad2256, Study Website: https://thetickapp.org/ and Twitter: @diukwasserlab. Dr. Diuk-Wasser said she is seeking additional funding to further the evolution of the app and her studies, which she hopes to continue into the near future.

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New mobile app studies tick disease risks - Block Island Times (press release) (subscription) (blog)

Too often, letters, words, and sentences get the credit for conveying information. But the human brain also makes meaning out of pitch. Like how upspeak turns any sentence into a question? Or how emphasizing the beginning of a sentence (Tom and Leila bought a boat) helps clarify that it was in fact Tom and Leila who bought the boat, not some other couple. If you emphasize the end of that sentence (Tom and Leila bought a boat) however, youre just pointing out that your friends didnt buy a car, dirt bike, or pony.

Pitch matters, and youve got the brain cells to prove it. A new study, published Thursday in Science, found groups of neurons that listen for changes in someones speaking tone. Some are tuned for shifts upward, others for shifts downward, and some that fire only when a sound goes up, and then down in pitch. Whats more, these cells arent trained for absolute pitchthey cant tell an A sharp from a D flatbut they listen for relative shifts, taking each voice on its own merit. This gives scientists a big boost in understanding how our brains turn sounds into meaning.

I think most people just take for granted how good humans are at making meaning out of sound, says Edward Chang, a neurosurgeon at UC San Francisco and lead author of the new study. This makes sensepeople communicated through sound for millennia before they started to scribble their thoughts down. And obviously, language and grammar matter. In previous research, Chang and some other co-authors showed that human brains had cells specialized to pick out the sounds of consonants and vowels. But vocalized communication contains nuances beyond the order that letters and words get strung togetherfor instance, the way humans modulate their voices up or down to emphasize a word or phrase. These differences are all really important, because they change the meaning of the words without changing the words themselves, says Chang. So he and his new co-authors reasoned that there might also be neurons tuned to intonation.

To find the answer, they needed direct access to the brain. Functional MRI, the famous (and occasionally maligned) method for mapping brain activity, is noninvasive, and lets you look at the whole brain all at once, but the signal is much too slow. So they enlisted some helpful epileptic patients who had electrodes implanted under their skulls. These electrodes allow their doctors to pinpoint exactly where seizures originate, and do so on the millisecond time scale. In some cases we can cure epilepsy if we can identify precisely where the seizures are coming from, says Chang. That millisecond resolution is a huge advantage if you are looking for how auditory signals light up the brain.

Chang and his crew recruited 10 of these electrode-outfitted patients, who volunteered to listen to sentences repeated over and over again. The sentences, four in total, were simple: Humans value genuine behavior; Movies demand minimal energy; Reindeer are a visual animal; Lawyers give a relevant opinion. The researchers recorded each using three different voicesone male, and two femaleand four different intonation patterns. The first intonation was neutral (Think Ferris Buellers econ teacher calling Bueller . Bueller Bueller). Then they spiced it up. The next intonation emphasized the first word (Humans value genuine behavior.); and another emphasized the third word (Humans value genuine behavior.). The last intonation was upspeak: A question?

And voila! When they ran the data, they clearly saw that the brain had specific sets of neurons tuned to pitch, distinct from those tuned to consonants and vowels. So what it tells us is the ear and brain have taken a speech signal and deconstructed it into different elements, and processes them to derive different meanings, says Chang. Chang says these multiple axes for meaning may have evolved because it makes communication more efficient, with a single signal containing many elements for interpretation. Not a stretch for animals as social as human beings.

Thats not even the coolest bit. These pitch-tuned neurons are actually discerning intonation on the fly. Somehow, the cells establish a baseline pitch for the incoming speech and process the ups and downs from there. To musicians, this probably isnt surprising. Its sort of like shifting a melody up or down a keythe melody is still recognizable. Of course, human brains also have neurons trained for absolute pitch. This probably helps with things like identifying individual voices in a crowded, noisy space. I think people take for granted how good humans are at doing stuff like holding conversations in a busy bar where theres all these competing sounds, says Chang.

Next, Chang and his crew will be turning their investigation on its head. He wants to understand how the brain controls intonation. This means not just watching electrodes in the brain, but looking at the muscles that control the vocal folds and larynx. The one limitation is we cant easily see how things like the lips, jaw, and tongue move in coordination with the vocal folds and larynx to produce sound, says Chang. No matter how loud and clear the speech, it won't make any sense without brains.

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Scientists Found the Neurons That Respond to Uptalk - WIRED