Category Archives: Human Behavior

Never happy? Humans tend to imagine how life could be better : Short Wave – NPR

Social psychologists Ethan Ludwin-Peery and Adam Mastroianni were in a diner one day, eating omelets, when they thought of a question neither of them could definitively answer: What makes some things good and some things bad? More concretely, why do a lot of people think of the government as bad and their phones as good?

Ethan and Adam hypothesized that humans think of something as bad when it is easy to imagine how that thing could be better. But when they dove into the scientific literature to see if research supported their hypothesis, the two realized that there is little research about how people make these judgement calls.

So they got to work.

The pair of researchers conducted studies ... lots of them. After surveying hundreds of people, Ethan and Adam realized they may have been wrong.

When asked how things could be different, people tend to always answer with how they could be bettereven if life is already pretty good. This holds true regardless of language or word choice.

Read their paper, "Things Could Be Better".

Curious about other laws of human behavior? Email us at shortwave@npr.org.

This episode was produced by Margaret Cirino and edited by Rebecca Ramirez. Anil Oza checked the facts. The audio engineer was Alex Drewenskus.

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Never happy? Humans tend to imagine how life could be better : Short Wave - NPR

People who feel unhappy but hide it well usually exhibit these 9 behaviors – Hack Spirit

Theres a fine line between expressing your unhappiness and concealing it.

Often, people who feel unhappy choose to hide it, putting on a brave face for the world. But, as they say, actions speak louder than words.

Those who are adept at masking their true feelings often exhibit certain behaviors. They might not be immediately apparent, but if you know what to look for, the signs are there.

In this article, well delve into the nine behaviors commonly displayed by individuals who are feeling unhappy but are remarkably good at hiding it. You just might gain a deeper understanding of those around you or even yourself.

Lets get started.

People who are unhappy but good at hiding it have become experts in the art of deflection.

Deflection is a psychological term used to describe the act of shifting the focus from oneself to something or someone else. Its a clever trick that unhappy individuals often use to avoid talking about their own feelings or issues.

For instance, when asked how theyre doing, they may quickly change the subject or divert attention to other peoples problems. Their ability to skillfully steer conversations away from their own emotional state can be quite subtle, making it hard for others to pick up on their unhappiness.

However, if you notice that someone consistently avoids talking about themselves or their feelings, it could be a sign that theyre hiding their unhappiness.

A word of caution though not everyone who deflects is unhappy, some might just be private individuals. Hence, its important not to jump to conclusions based only on this behavior.

You might think that a person who laughs frequently and heartily is genuinely happy. But sometimes, laughter can be a mask for hidden unhappiness.

I remember a friend of mine, lets call him Tom. Tom was always the life of the party, cracking jokes and making everyone around him laugh. His laughter was infectious, and it made him seem like the happiest person in the room.

Yet, behind closed doors, Tom confided in me that he was actually struggling with feelings of unhappiness and loneliness. He used humor as a way to hide his true feelings and to keep people from asking too many questions about his personal life.

It was a shocking revelation, as from the outside, Tom appeared to be the epitome of happiness. This experience taught me that excessive laughter can sometimes be a way for people to camouflage their unhappiness.

Again, this isnt to say that everyone who laughs a lot is unhappy. But if someones laughter seems forced or excessive, it could be a sign that theyre not as happy as they appear to be.

Unhappy people who hide their feelings well may also become excessively generous, both with their time and resources.

This behavior stems from the belief that helping others will fill the void theyre feeling inside.

If you notice someone consistently going above and beyond for others, often at the expense of their own needs or wellbeing, they could be masking their feelings of unhappiness.

Generosity isnt a definitive sign of hidden unhappiness. Many people are naturally altruistic and find genuine joy in helping others.

Work can be a great distraction from personal issues, and unhappy people often use it as a means to escape their feelings.

You might notice that theyre always the first to arrive and the last to leave. Or maybe theyre constantly taking on extra projects or responsibilities, even when their plate is already full.

They might be praised for their dedication and hard work, but underneath it all, this could be a way of suppressing their unhappiness. Immersing themselves in work allows them to avoid confronting their feelings or dealing with personal issues.

Again, its crucial not to jump to conclusions. Some people genuinely love their work and thrive in a busy environment.

But if someone seems to be using work as an escape, it might be an indicator of hidden unhappiness.

Perfectionism can sometimes be a sign of concealed unhappiness. People dealing with inner turmoil often hold themselves to unrealistically high standards.

They strive for perfection in everything they do, hoping that success and accomplishment will bring them the happiness they seek. But the truth is, this constant pursuit of perfection often leads to added stress and disappointment.

You might notice them getting overly upset over minor mistakes or spending excessive time on tasks to get them just right. This relentless pursuit of perfection is often their way of compensating for feelings of inadequacy or unhappiness.

While striving for excellence is admirable, extreme perfectionism can sometimes be a mask for underlying emotional distress.

Its heartbreaking to think that the ones who often need the most support are the same ones who tend to push people away.

People hiding their unhappiness often choose isolation, believing that its easier to deal with their feelings alone rather than burden others with their problems. They might decline invites, avoid social events, or spend extended periods alone.

While everyone needs some alone time, consistent isolation can be a sign of concealed unhappiness. These individuals might be silently crying out for help, even as they push the world away.

Its essential to approach such individuals with patience and understanding. Sometimes, knowing that someone cares can make all the difference in the world to them.

I used to catch myself staring into space, my mind a whirlwind of thoughts and emotions. My smile was there, my laughter loud, but my eyes often gave me away. They would glaze over as if I was somewhere else, lost in my own world.

People concealing their unhappiness often appear to be deep in thought or daydreaming. Its like theyre physically present but mentally miles away. This is because their minds are preoccupied with their internal struggle, causing them to disconnect from their surroundings.

If you notice someone frequently zoning out or seeming distant, it may be a sign that theyre dealing with hidden unhappiness.

Its not always easy to reach out, especially when were not sure whats going on, but a simple Are you okay? can go a long way.

Sleep can often be a casualty when someone is dealing with hidden unhappiness. You might notice that theyre either sleeping too much or too little.

Some people find solace in sleep, using it as an escape from their feelings. They might sleep for extended periods, often appearing tired or lethargic during the day.

On the other hand, some people may struggle with insomnia due to their internal turmoil. Their minds might be too active or anxious to allow them a good nights sleep.

Either way, if you notice a significant change in someones sleeping patterns, it could be an indicator that theyre hiding their inner unhappiness.

As always, approach with care and understanding. Its not easy dealing with emotional distress, and a kind word or gesture can mean a lot.

When it comes to hiding unhappiness, one of the most common behaviors is the reluctance to discuss personal feelings.

People dealing with hidden pain often feel that expressing their emotions makes them vulnerable or burdensome. They might downplay their feelings or outright avoid discussing them.

If you notice that someone consistently sidesteps emotional conversations or dismisses their own feelings, it could be a sign that theyre dealing with concealed unhappiness.

Offering a listening ear can sometimes be the greatest gift you can give to someone whos silently suffering. Your understanding and empathy could be the first step towards their healing journey.

Peeling back the layers of human behavior is a complex process, often revealing more questions than answers. Our behaviors are influenced by a multitude of factors, from our personal experiences to our biochemistry.

Individuals are more likely to hide their true feelings when they believe that expressing them would cause others discomfort or distress. This suggests that those who are adept at masking their unhappiness might be doing so out of consideration for others.

At the end of the day, understanding these behaviors is not about labeling or diagnosing, but rather about cultivating empathy and compassion. If we can recognize these signs in those around us, we can reach out, offer support, and remind them that theyre not alone in their struggle.

Unhappiness is an intricate part of the human experience, and its something that many of us try to hide. But remember, its okay not to be okay. And sometimes, acknowledging this is the first step towards healing.

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People who feel unhappy but hide it well usually exhibit these 9 behaviors - Hack Spirit

If you display these 9 behaviors, you’re being passive aggressive without realizing it – Hack Spirit

Sometimes the line between being polite and being passive-aggressive can get blurry.

We often find ourselves acting in ways that seem innocuous but might be subtly hostile.

Passive aggression is essentially a way of expressing dissatisfaction or resentment covertly.

Its the silent anger that bubbles under the surface.

This behavior often arises from an inability to voice our feelings openly and honestly.

We may not even be aware were doing it.

Ill outline 9 behaviors that could mean youre being passive aggressive without even realizing it.

By recognizing these signs, you can start to address the issue and communicate more effectively.

Weve all been there. Someone compliments you, but theres a slight twist that turns it into an insult.

Its a classic move in the passive-aggressive playbook.

Backhanded compliments are a sneaky way of criticizing someone while appearing to be polite.

It allows the person giving the compliment to express their negative feelings without directly confronting the issue.

For example, saying something like Youre so brave to wear that outfit. I could never pull it off might seem like a compliment at first glance.

But its a subtle dig at the persons choice of clothing.

If you catch yourself frequently giving these types of remarks, you may be expressing passive aggression without even realizing it.

Its important to be aware of this behavior so you can address it and communicate in a more direct, honest way.

I remember when sarcasm was my default mode of communication.

I thought it was just a quirky part of my personality, adding a cheeky charm to my day-to-day interactions.

But then, a close friend sat me down and explained how my constant sarcasm felt like a veiled form of criticism.

They couldnt tell when I was joking or when I was genuinely annoyed. It was a wake-up call.

Sarcasm can be a form of wit and humor, but it can also be used as a tool for passive aggression.

You say something sarcastic to express your annoyance but mask it as a joke. Its an indirect way of expressing your true feelings.

Using sarcasm, especially in moments of frustration or upset, may unconsciously reveal a tendency to employ passive-aggressive tactics.

Recognizing this behavior is vital, as it enables clearer and more honest communication.

Did you know that chronic lateness can be a form of passive aggression? Its true.

Being late might seem like a small inconvenience, but if its a consistent behavior, it could be a way of expressing resentment or asserting control.

When youre regularly late, it sends a message that your time is more important than the other persons.

Its a subtle way of showing disrespect without having to confront the issue directly.

Consistently being late might not solely stem from inadequate time management; it could indicate an underlying passive-aggressive tendency.

The initial step towards improvement involves recognizing this behavior, paving the way for enhanced relationships.

Silence can be golden, but not when its used as a weapon.

The silent treatment is a classic passive-aggressive move.

Its a way of expressing anger or dissatisfaction without having to say a word.

By refusing to communicate, youre punishing the other person without openly confronting the issue.

Its an indirect way of expressing your feelings, and it can be incredibly damaging to relationships.

The inclination to employ the silent treatment when upset could suggest an underlying passive-aggressive behavior.

The key to cultivating healthier communication habits is the recognition of this behavior.

We all forget things from time to time its human.

But when forgetting becomes a habit, especially when it pertains to tasks youd rather not do or events youd rather not attend, it might be a sign of passive aggression.

Consistently forgetting is a way to avoid responsibility while avoiding confrontation.

Its a subtle form of rebellion, expressing your displeasure without having to voice it.

Regularly forgetting commitments might extend beyond a simple memory lapse; it could indicate inadvertent displays of passive-aggressive behavior.

Recognizing this habit is crucial, prompting the need to strive for more direct communication.

Playing the victim can tug at heartstrings. Weve all had moments where we feel like the world is against us, and thats perfectly normal.

However, if you notice a pattern of always portraying yourself as the innocent party in every conflict or difficult situation, this could be a sign of passive-aggressive behavior.

By playing the victim, youre able to express your dissatisfaction or anger without having to confront it directly.

Instead, youre subtly shifting the blame onto others, avoiding responsibility for your own actions.

Recognizing this behavior is a big step towards more open and honest communication.

Its about taking responsibility for our actions and understanding that its okay to express our feelings directly, rather than resorting to blame and avoidance.

There was a time when fine was my go-to response whenever someone asked me how I was doing.

Regardless of what I was truly feeling, fine seemed like the easiest and safest way to respond.

However, consistently responding with fine when youre not can be a sign of passive-aggressive behavior.

Its an easy way to avoid expressing your true feelings and it serves as a mask to hide behind.

If fine has become your automatic response, it might be worth examining why that is.

It could be that youre using it as a passive-aggressive tactic to avoid conflict or discomfort.

Recognizing this can pave the way for more open and honest communication.

Criticism is a part of life. We all face it, and we all dish it out at times.

But theres a difference between constructive criticism and consistently being subtly critical.

Subtle criticism is a classic passive-aggressive behavior. Its a way of expressing dissatisfaction or disappointment without directly confronting the issue.

Often, its cloaked in humor or disguised as a harmless observation.

If you find yourself frequently making subtle digs or putting others down in a roundabout way, you might be displaying passive-aggressive behavior without realizing it.

Recognizing this habit is the first step towards more direct and healthy communication.

Everyone thrives on recognition and praise. Its a basic human need.

But intentionally withholding praise or recognition, especially when its deserved, can be a form of passive aggression.

Its a way of expressing your dissatisfaction or resentment without voicing it directly.

By failing to acknowledge someones achievements or efforts, youre subtly indicating your displeasure or disapproval.

Holding back deserved praise regularly may signal an underlying passive-aggressive tendency.

Acknowledging this pattern is essential to foster healthier and more direct communication habits.

The complexities of human behavior are deeply fascinating, and passive aggression is no exception.

This indirect form of expressing dissatisfaction or resentment can be rather elusive, often flying under the radar of our self-awareness.

Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, once said, Unexpressed emotions will never die. They are buried alive and will come forth later in uglier ways.

This could not be truer for passive-aggressive behavior.

If were displaying any of the behaviors discussed in this article, its crucial to take a step back and examine why that might be.

Are we afraid of conflict? Are we struggling to express our feelings directly?

Are we holding back due to fear of rejection or judgment?

Understanding our behavior is the first step towards change.

By acknowledging and addressing our passive-aggressive tendencies, we can start to improve our communication skills and build healthier relationships.

At the end of the day, its all about self-awareness. And with self-awareness comes the power to change.

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If you display these 9 behaviors, you're being passive aggressive without realizing it - Hack Spirit

Men who are relationship-oriented by nature usually display these 9 behaviors – Hack Spirit

Navigating the world of dating and relationships isnt always easy.

Especially when trying to figure out if a man is relationship-oriented or not.

But heres the thing men who are naturally inclined towards relationships often display certain behaviors.

These behaviors are like telltale signs, whispering to us that yes, this guy is serious about commitment.

Now, Ive rounded up 9 of these behaviors that are typical of men who are relationship-oriented.

Lets delve into them, shall we?

Communication. Its the cornerstone of any successful relationship.

And guess what? Men who are relationship-oriented understand this.

They dont just understand it they live by it.

Theyre not afraid to express their feelings, thoughts, or concerns.

Theyre open, honest, and straightforward.

To them, a good conversation isnt just about talking; its about listening too.

This means that theyll actively engage in conversations, ask questions, and genuinely show interest in what you have to say.

When you find a man who values communication as much as you do thats a pretty solid sign hes relationship-oriented.

Its about making a conscious effort to keep the lines of communication open and honest.

Thats what matters.

Ive been in enough relationships to know that time and effort are two major ingredients for a successful partnership.

And when it comes to relationship-oriented men, they understand this too.

They know the value of investing their time and effort into building a strong and healthy relationship.

Let me share a personal example. My current partner, Ben, is a relationship-oriented man.

From the very beginning, he made it clear that he was ready to invest his time and energy into our relationship.

Whether its planning thoughtful dates, making time for deep conversations, or helping me with day-to-day tasks, Bens actions consistently show me that hes committed to us.

His willingness to invest in our relationship is one of the main reasons why weve been able to build such a strong bond.

Empathy is a powerful thing.

Its the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, and its a key trait in men who are relationship-oriented.

These men have a knack for putting themselves in your shoes.

They can sense when youre feeling down, and theyre quick to provide comfort or solutions when needed.

And heres something you might not know studies have shown that empathy can be a predictor of relationship satisfaction.

Observing consistent displays of empathy from a man is a strong indicator that he places high value on relationships and is likely oriented towards fostering meaningful connections with others.

Another trait of relationship-oriented men is their respect for boundaries.

Respect is a fundamental aspect of any healthy relationship, and its not just about treating each other with kindness and dignity.

Its also about understanding and respecting each others personal space, time, and needs.

Whether its acknowledging your need for alone time or respecting your decisions, a relationship-oriented man understands the importance of boundaries.

They know that for a relationship to thrive, both partners need to feel comfortable and secure.

He understands that a successful relationship is built on mutual respect and trust.

Consistency is key in a relationship, and men who are relationship-oriented understand this.

They dont play mind games or keep you guessing about their feelings.

Theyre reliable, and dependable, and their actions match their words.

Take note if a man is consistent in his behavior towards you.

Does he consistently show up when he says he will?

Does he call or text when he promised to? Is he reliable in his actions and behavior?

They understand that consistency builds trust, and trust is the foundation of any successful relationship.

Theres something beautiful about being with someone who isnt afraid to express their love for you.

Men who are relationship-oriented dont just feel love, they show it.

They understand that actions speak louder than words, and they make a point to express their love in the ways that matter most to you.

Maybe its a warm hug after a long day, a surprise dinner at your favorite restaurant, or simply holding your hand during a walk in the park.

These small gestures, often dismissed as insignificant, hold so much weight.

Its in these moments, these quiet expressions of love, where you truly see the depth of their feelings for you.

We all have dreams and aspirations, things we want to achieve in life. And having a partner who supports those dreams?

Thats priceless.

Men who are relationship-oriented dont just support your dreams, they become a part of them.

They cheer you on, offer advice, and help you navigate the challenges that come your way.

Take my partner for example.

When I decided to pursue my passion for writing full-time, he was my biggest cheerleader.

He encouraged me when I doubted myself, celebrated my successes, and even helped me brainstorm ideas late into the night.

This kind of support not only strengthens the bond of a relationship but also creates a sense of partnership.

In a relationship, your voice matters. And men who are relationship-oriented understand this.

They value your opinions and consider them when making decisions.

They dont dismiss your thoughts or try to overpower you with their views.

Instead, they engage in healthy discussions, listen to your perspective, and respect your viewpoint even if it differs from theirs.

This shows that he sees you as an equal partner and values your input in the relationship.

At the end of the day, it all boils down to one thing commitment.

Men who are relationship-oriented are committed.

Theyre not just committed to you, theyre committed to the relationship and everything that comes with it the good times, the bad times, and everything in between.

They understand that relationships require work, patience, and a whole lot of understanding. And theyre willing to put in the effort to make the relationship work.

This commitment is the strongest indicator that he values you and sees a future with you.

Peeling back the layers of human behavior, especially when it comes to matters of the heart, is like trying to solve a complex puzzle.

The way we love, the way we form attachments, and our orientation toward relationships are often rooted in our upbringing, experiences, and even our genetic makeup.

When it comes to men who are relationship-oriented, theres no one-size-fits-all. They come in different shapes and sizes, with their own unique set of behaviors and characteristics.

But one thing remains constant their commitment to building a meaningful and lasting relationship.

Love is not just about finding the right person.

Its also about understanding their behaviors, respecting their decisions, and embracing their unique ways of expressing love.

Because at the end of the day, love is a complex puzzle thats worth solving.

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Men who are relationship-oriented by nature usually display these 9 behaviors - Hack Spirit

A look at the curious ‘winter break’ behavior of ChatGPT-4 – ReadWrite

The worlds most popular generative artificial intelligence (AI) is getting lazy as the winter draws in thats the claim from some astute ChatGPT users.

According to a recent ArsTechnica report in late November, users of ChatGPT, the AI chatbot powered by OpenAIs natural language model GPT-4, began noticing something strange. In response to certain requests, GPT-4 was refusing to complete tasks or providing simplified lazy answers instead of the typically detailed responses.

OpenAI acknowledged the issue but claimed they did not intentionally update the model. Some now speculate this laziness may be an unintended consequence of GPT-4 mimicking seasonal human behavior changes.

Dubbed the winter break hypothesis, the theory suggests that because GPT-4 is fed the current date, it has learned from its vast training data that people tend to wrap up big projects and slow down in December. Researchers are urgently investigating whether this seemingly absurd idea holds weight. The fact its being taken seriously underscores the unpredictable and human-like nature of large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4.

On November 24th, a Reddit user reported asking GPT-4 to populate a large CSV file, but it only provided one entry as a template. On December 1st, OpenAIs Will Depue confirmed awareness of laziness issues related to over-refusals and committed to fixing them.

Some argue GPT-4 was always sporadically lazy, and recent observations are merely confirmation bias. However, the timing of users noticing more refusals after the November 11th update to GPT-4 Turbo is interesting if coincidental and some assumed it was a new method for OpenAI to save on computing.

On December 9, developer Rob Lynch found GPT-4 generated 4,086 characters when given a December date prompt versus 4,298 for a May date. Although AI researcher Ian Arawjo couldnt reproduce Lynchs results to a statistically significant degree, the subjective nature of sampling bias with LLMs makes reproducibility notoriously difficult. As researchers rush to investigate, the theory continues intriguing the AI community.

Geoffrey Litt of Anthropic, Claudes creator, called it the funniest theory ever, yet admitted its challenging to rule out given all the weird ways LLMs react to human-style prompting and encouragement, as shown by the increasingly weird prompts. For example, research shows GPT models produce improved math scores when told to take a deep breath, while the promise of a tip lengthens completions. The lack of transparency around potential changes to GPT-4 makes even unlikely theories worth exploring.

This episode demonstrates the unpredictability of large language models and the new methodologies required to understand their ever-emergent capabilities and limitations. It also shows the global collaboration underway to urgently assess AI advances that impact society. Finally, its a reminder that todays LLMs still require extensive supervision and testing before being responsibly deployed in real-world applications.

The winter break hypothesis behind GPT-4s apparent seasonal laziness may prove false or offer new insights that improve future iterations. Either way, this curious case exemplifies the strangely anthropomorphic nature of AI systems and the priority of understanding risks alongside pursuing rapid innovations.

Featured Image: Pexels

Radek Zielinski is an experienced technology and financial journalist with a passion for cybersecurity and futurology.

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A look at the curious 'winter break' behavior of ChatGPT-4 - ReadWrite

Neuroscience and Behavior Major (B.S.) | College of Liberal Arts – UNH’s College of Liberal Arts

The major in neuroscience and behavior (NSB) offers an interdisciplinary approach to human and non-human behavior, focusing on the evolution and adaptiveness of certain behaviors, as well as their underlying neural mechanisms. Students who have always been fascinated by how the brain functions will be well served by this major, as will those who love wild animals and wish to better understand their behavior. The B.S. in neuroscience and behavior is based on a solid foundation in biology, chemistry, physics, statistics, and genetics (foundation courses). These are followed by a two-semester course sequence that covers the fundamentals of neuroscience and behavior. Students can then pick five or more electives focusing on areas of interest.

NSB students are encouraged to take advantage of research experiences in the laboratories of the psychology and biology faculty in the program. This provides valuable experience with cutting-edge equipment and techniques. Some students may share aspects of a larger project, whereas others may be relatively independent and design their own project under supervision. In either case, important skills are gained by the discipline of gathering data, analyzing and interpreting it, and presenting it to a broader audience.

The curriculum provides most of the requirements and recommended courses for students seeking admission to graduate school and to professional schools in medicine and veterinary medicine. Students who might choose not to go on to advanced degrees are well-prepared for employment as skilled technicians in research laboratories or, if their interests are in animal behavior, as field research assistants or animal trainers. With additional courses in education, the B.S. in NSB also qualifies graduates to teach at the elementary, junior high, and high school levels.

Faculty participating in the NSB major combine a love of teaching and student mentoring with a passion for research, and encourage student participation. Research facilities that students can use include the Integrative Animal Behavior and Ecoacoustics laboratory, the confocal imaging center, the Hubbard Center for Genomic Studies, and the many marine, freshwater, and estuarine laboratories associated with UNH programs. Students can also take summer courses at the Shoals Marine Laboratory.

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Neuroscience and Behavior Major (B.S.) | College of Liberal Arts - UNH's College of Liberal Arts

The positive health effects of prosocial behaviors | News | Harvard … – HSPH News

October 25, 2023 In an opinion piece in Nature Human Behavior, Laura Kubzansky, professor of social and behavioral sciences and co-director of the JPB Environmental Health Fellowship Program at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and her co-authors argued that prosociality is a critical, but underappreciated, factor affecting population healthand urged public health researchers and practitioners to invest more resources to better understand it.

Q: What is prosociality and how does it impact human health?

A: When we talk about prosociality we talk about the beliefs and behaviors of people who care about others and want to benefit others with their actions. Altruism, cooperation, compassion, empathy, and social capitalall of these are examples of prosocial behaviors and conditions.

Research has found that prosociality has positive health benefits. For example, scientists have looked at the relationship between volunteering, which is helping others with no apparent reward (or expectation of one), and mortality. They reliably find that people who volunteer more also tend to live longer lives. Other studies also found that during the COVID-19 pandemic people living in communities with higher levels of prosociality were also more willing to wear a mask or receive the vaccine, which are behaviors that we now know are associated with lower COVID-19 mortality rates. In fact, a recent Lancet Commission identified low levels of prosociality as a contributing factor to the numerous failures we saw during the pandemic around the world with regard to controlling deaths from this infectious disease. My co-authorsRichard Davidson at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Elissa Epel at the University of California San Franciscoand I believe that the effects of prosociality go beyond mitigating effects of infectious diseases and that prosociality can improve both individual and community health much more broadly.

Q: You call for prosociality to become a novel strategy for improving population health. What do you mean by that?

A: We need to invest time and resources to better understand prosociality and its effect on population health. In public health, we try to identify factors that can improve the health and well-being of people. For example, we look at an unhealthy diet and ask ourselves, Who is more likely to consume it and why? How can we improve it and what are the health consequences if we do so?

We need to do the same with prosocialitytry to better measure how much prosociality matters for population health. And if we find out that it does in fact matter, we should study the mechanisms through which prosociality improves health. We should look at ways to increase prosociality among the population. We should also monitor the downstream effects and look at the distribution of prosocial behaviors in the population. Are they more prevalent among certain groups of people? What conditions do we need to make it more prevalent? And do diverse populations benefit from prosociality equally or are certain people more likely to see health benefits when they engage in prosocial behaviors? Those are all questions we would like to be able to answer by conducting national surveys, adding measures of prosociality to major cohort studies, and running randomized trials.

Q: How could prosociality help improve public health?

A: When we talk about improving health, we often focus on clinicians caring for individuals who are already struggling with problems. The call for making prosociality a public health priority is an effort to focus on upstream factors that enable people to maintain better health for longer, and thereby reduce the need for clinicians over the long run. Risk factors are very important, but sometimes they are not enough. We need to also identify the health assets that can protect our physical and mental health.

In the U.S. we are facing an epidemic of deaths of despair and a mental health crisis. It is crucial that we try to minimize or eliminate risk factors such as poverty, family medical history, or smoking, which we know put certain individuals more at risk for deaths of despair and mental health struggles. At the same time, however, we must recognize we can do better and aspire to do more than solely reducing misery. We must also identify and promote factors that can help people attain and maintain health and prevent them from developing illness in the first place.

Improving population levels of prosocialitycould also be particularly relevant in the context of climate change and other major societal disruptions like civil unrest or war. Increasing levels ofprosocialityor our willingness to engage in actions that help others, either at the individual or the societal level, could be a game changer to reduce the impacts of large-scale societal events on our health.

During COVID-19, we saw a deficit of kindness and compassion. And we also saw the public health consequences of that. I would argue that understanding prosociality isnt simply a nice-to-have luxury. It is a critical and underappreciated factor that deserves our full attention.

Giulia Cambieri

Illustration: iStock / Mykyta Dolmatov

*This story was updated to include the names of the co-authors.

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The positive health effects of prosocial behaviors | News | Harvard ... - HSPH News

The valuable link between succession planning and skills – Human Resource Executive

When labor researchers look back on this chapter in time, they will likely deem it the era of skills. Nearly every organization wants to become skills-based or skills-centric as they finally recognize the significant value that skills visibility presents across the organization. Even so, this journey remains nascent because, while employers know what they want, they dont necessarily know how to get it. And nowhere is this more apparent than in succession planning.

Historically, succession planning has proved challenging, with only some rolesprimarily in the C-suitedeemed worthy of the effort. As such, succession planning has rarely been an enterprise-wide initiative. This kind of mindset is counterproductive, especially if the goal is the organizations long-term viability.

Identifying a gap between reality and intent, Deloitte conducted a years-long research study that found, Most companies doing succession planning are often derailed by a host of symptoms that point back to a common culprit: the failure to recognize and address the impact of human behavior on the succession-planning process. This distinction is important because, as the American Psychological Association explains, Human skills are based in behavior.

Considering the link between skills and behavior, skills visibility is fundamental to building a successful succession-planning strategy. Leveraging skills and continuously reevaluating those skills to inform and update talent pools and talent pipelines is critical to long-term success.

Here are five ways to do that:

Succession planning is a what goes around, comes around talent strategy for a few reasons. For one, it enables organizations to retain employees, ensuring the ability to navigate evolving labor market conditions.

For another, researchers like Josh Bersin have known what successful succession planning entails for years that: We are greater than me. These types of strategies require empowering employees, operating collectively and measuring the results. Whats different today is how and where organizations apply succession planning to their business.

Recommendation: Rather than dust off the same succession-planning strategy used in years prior, consider how the organizations current state will inform its future state.

Rather than focus only on specific roles, focus on a desired outcome. Though outcomes vary by organization, HRD points out that succession planning is a practical way to minimize disruption through proactive risk management, enabling organizations to adapt to changing circumstances and fill critical roles with little to no negative impact on productivity and performance. Taking an expanded definition can provide benefits across the organization and enable employees at all levels to showcase skills that might otherwise be overlooked.

Recommendation: Knowing there are multiple ways to use succession planning, start by designing a strategy that connects a specific need to a measurable result.

Having the right people in the right place at the right time is critical, so with a why in place, take the time to assess and evaluate the skills, competencies and organizational knowledge that currently exist across the business.

This level of insight will help determine succession candidates as well as any at-risk roles, teams or business units. As Deloitte suggested, failing to see whats already there is often the root cause of why these initiatives fail, making it even more important to prioritize skills visibility from the start.

Recommendation: Skills are the currency of the modern workplace and should be factored into any succession-planning strategy. By understanding what exists, its possible to envision where to go and how to bridge skill gaps.

See also: How to capitalize on skills tech offerings in a market now worth $1.3B

Remember that every employee brings a unique set of skills and knowledge to both their role and the organization. LinkedIn Research shows that employees are twice as likely to stay if they have the chance to take on other opportunities within the business. This is why succession planning cannot operate in a vacuum; it must be knitted into a larger talent framework. Keeping employees engaged and satisfied at work is as much a part of succession planning as it is internal mobility, learning and development and other strategies.

Recommendation: As business objectives are apt to change over time, so are employees wants, needs and desires. Be sure to keep the employee experience top of mind throughout the process.

To follow through on the addressing human behavior piece of Deloittes findings, organizations need to centralize and institutionalize succession planning. There are a few ways to go about this, from capturing knowledge before people have the chance to leave the organization to creating personalized development plans to advance skills development. Its one thing to have visibility. Its another to use this to the organizations advantage.

The right technology will automatically map out career paths, match employees with opportunities that facilitate growth and support talent deployment to fill vacancies and maintain active talent pipelines.

Recommendation: Dont lose sight of the plan once enacted. Lean on technology to support these changes as goals and circumstances continue to evolve.

SHRM notes that Succession planning is used to anticipate the future needs of the organization and to assist in finding, assessing and developing the human capital necessary to realize the strategy of the organization. There is nothing short-term about succession planning, nor should there be.

And while the saying goes, The best-laid plans in this instance, that means revisiting and retooling along the way, changing course as the need for different skills and behaviors ebbs and flows, and sticking with succession planning until it becomes deeply entrenched as an integral part of the organizational makeup.

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The valuable link between succession planning and skills - Human Resource Executive