Category Archives: Immunology

Invest With A Purpose: Own The Future With Megatrend ETFs – Forbes

We now drive electric cars, watch our favorite shows on mobile devices, attend concerts via virtual reality and control the temperature in our homes by giving instructions to a voice assistant.

Technological innovations like these underpin the transformative forces that are changing how we live and work.

You can harness the growth potential of these powerful forces by investing in megatrend ETFs.

An ETF (exchange-traded fund) is a diversified collection of securities (like a mutual fund) that trades on an exchange (like a stock). Megatrend ETFs capture targeted groups of stocks perceived to be well-positioned to benefit from shifts in technology, society, the environment and demographics over time.

Here's why megatrend ETFs are the next frontier of access and a glimpse at the five megatrends BlackRock sees at the forefront of our changing world.

With megatrend ETFs, iSharesBlackRock's ETF businessoffers individual investors access to opportunities that were once available primarily to institutional investors able to qualify for venture capital, private equity and other private market investments.

This is unlike sector indexes (like Technology or Communications) that more rigidly track companies within a single sector, or broad indexes (like the S&P 500) that track a universe of companies across many industries and are weighted heavily toward larger, more established companies rather than smaller, more disruptive players.

As an example, with megatrend ETFs, investment in the self-driving and electric vehicles trend would go beyond carmakers and also include hardware companies that make road-monitoring sensors, software companies that make the algorithmic "brains" required to guide vehicles as well as battery producers. By looking beyond sectors and regions and selecting companies that are leaders in a particular ecosystem, investors can access the full growth potential underpinning these trends.

Megatrend ETFs are also transparent and easy to own, removing the need to pick single-stock winners, which has proved difficult for investors to successfully do. With the potential to capture long-term growth opportunities, megatrend ETFs can be seen as complementary holdings to your core portfolio.

BlackRock has identified five megatrends shaping our future. Here's a look at each and how they can help position you for tomorrow.

Technology is such a prevalent force that the current era has been dubbed the Fourth Industrial Revolution. How you live and work is shaped by exponential technologies like artificial intelligence, 3D printing and synthetic biology, to name just a few. Technology is driving exponential progress in the tech sector and far beyond and underpins the other megatrends we'll mention shortly.

You can tap into the firms harnessing technology to solve privacy threats by investing in iShares Cybersecurity and Tech ETF.1 The fund seeks to track the investment results of an index composed of companies involved in cybersecurity and technology, including cybersecurity hardware, software, products and services.

Longer lifespans and modern lifestyles will change medicine and consumer habits. If you are fascinated by the possibilities of medical technology, consider ETFs that target companies at the forefront of medical progress. iShares Genomics Immunology and Healthcare ETF2 is one such option. This ETF seeks to track the investment results of an index composed of companies that could benefit from the long-term growth and innovation in personalized medicine: genomics, immunology and bioengineering.

It's expected that more than two-thirds of the world's population will reside in cities by 2050, double the percentage from 1950.3 This mass migration to cities will require new business models and infrastructure.

If you would like to invest in companies that may benefit from this megatrend, consider iShares U.S. Infrastructure ETF.4 The fund seeks to track the investment results of an index composed of equities of U.S. companies that have infrastructure exposure and could benefit from a potential increase in domestic infrastructure activities. This ETF offers access to two groups of infrastructure companies that are equally weighted: owners and operators, such as railroads and utilities, and enablers, such as materials and construction companies.

Demand for a clean, green tomorrow will advance energy and conservation. If you drive, or would like to drive, an electric car, you may be interested in putting your money in an ETF with an environmental focus. iShares Self-Driving EV and Tech ETF5 seeks to track the investment results of an index composed of companies that may benefit from growth and innovation in and around electric vehicles, battery technologies and autonomous driving technologies.

It's expected that the number of newly affluent consumers will expand in Asia and across emerging markets. For example, China now has 3.5 million millionaires and more residents with wealth above $50 million than any country except the United States.6 iShares MSCI China A ETF7 can provide access to the Chinese market as it tracks the investment results of an index composed of domestic Chinese equities that trade on the Shanghai or Shenzhen Stock Exchange and are not well-represented in broad benchmarks.

Every day, you witness how megatrend-driven innovations are transforming our world. With iShares megatrend ETFs, you can invest in the future today.

For more information on how ETFs can help you invest in our changing world, click here.

Carefully consider the Funds' investment objectives, risk factors, and charges and expenses before investing. This and other information can be found in the Funds' prospectuses or, if available, the summary prospectuses, which may be obtained by visiting http://www.iShares.com or http://www.blackrock.com. Read the prospectus carefully before investing.

Investing involves risk, including possible loss of principal.

Read the rest here:
Invest With A Purpose: Own The Future With Megatrend ETFs - Forbes

Immunology Market Share, Revenue, And Average Worth By Makers Shared In An Exceedingly Latest Analysis Report – Expert Recorder

The Immunology market report [5 Years Forecast 2020-2025] focuses on Major Leading Industry Players, providing info like Immunology market competitive situation, product scope, market overview, opportunities, driving force and market risks. Profile the top manufacturers of Immunology, with sales, revenue and global market share of Immunology are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast and speak to info. Upstream raw materials and instrumentation and downstream demand analysis is additionally administrated. The Immunology market business development trends and selling channels square measure analyzed. From a global perspective, It also represents overall industry size by analyzing qualitative insights and historical data.

The study encompasses profiles of major companies operating in the global Immunology market. Key players profiled in the report includes : AbbVie, Amgen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Johnson & Johnson, Bionor Pharma, Celgene, Cellectar Biosciences, eFFECTOR Therapeutics and among others.

Get Free Sample PDF (including full TOC, Tables and Figures) for more Professional and Technical insights @https://www.researchmoz.us/enquiry.php?type=S&repid2040006

This Immunology market report provides a comprehensive analysis of:Industry overview, cost structure analysis, technical data and competitive analysis, topmost players analysis, development trend analysis, overall market overview, regional market analysis, consumers analysis and marketing type analysis.

Scope of Immunology Market:

The global Immunology market is valued at million US$ in 2019 and will reach million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of during 2020-2025. The objectives of this study are to define, segment, and project the size of the Immunology market based on company, product type, application and key regions.

This report studies the global market size of Immunology in key regions like North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Central & South America and Middle East & Africa, focuses on the consumption of Immunology in these regions.

This research report categorizes the global Immunology market by players/brands, region, type and application. This report also studies the global market status, competition landscape, market share, growth rate, future trends, market drivers, opportunities and challenges, sales channels, distributors, customers, research findings & conclusion, appendix & data source and Porters Five Forces Analysis.

The end users/applications and product categories analysis:

On the basis on the end users/applications,this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, sales volume, market share and growth rate of Immunology foreach application, including-

On the basis of product,this report displays the sales volume, revenue (Million USD), product price, Immunology market share and growth rate ofeach type, primarily split into-

Do You Have Any Query Or Specific Requirement? Ask to Our Industry [emailprotected]https://www.researchmoz.us/enquiry.php?type=E&repid2040006

(*Fill the form and our sales representative will get back to you for assistance)

Immunology Market : The Regional analysis covers:

The Crucial Questions Answered by Immunology Market Report:

The report offers exclusive information about the Immunology market, based on thorough research about the macro and microeconomic factors that are instrumental in the development of the market. The information featured in this report can answer salient questions for companies in the Immunology market, in order to make important business-related decisions. Some of these questions include:

And Many More.Contact Us:

ResearchMozMr. Nachiket Ghumare,Tel: +1-518-621-2074USA-Canada Toll Free: 866-997-4948Email: [emailprotected]Follow us on LinkedIn @ http://bit.ly/2RtaFUo

Follow me on : https://marketnews-24.blogspot.com/

Read more:
Immunology Market Share, Revenue, And Average Worth By Makers Shared In An Exceedingly Latest Analysis Report - Expert Recorder

Cytovia Therapeutics and the University of California, San Francisco enter into a partnership to develop precision gene-edited CAR-NK cell therapy -…

SAN FRANCISCO and NEW YORK, Jan. 06, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Cytovia Therapeutics, a biopharmaceutical company, and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) announced today that they have entered a 3-year research partnership to develop novel precision gene editing to improve the performance, safety and persistence of Natural Killer (NK) cells and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-NK cells. The lead investigator is Justin Eyquem, PhD, a Principal Investigator in the Microbiology & Immunology Department at UCSF. Cytovia will have an exclusive option to license certain patentable inventions developed as part of the research program.

Dr Daniel Teper, CEO of Cytovia said: Cytovia is committed to advancing the development of NK biotherapeutics with a primary focus on off the shelf CAR NK cells and multispecific antibodies. The partnership with UCSF will utilize advanced gene editing technology to develop precision CAR NK cell therapeutics for both solid and hematological cancers.

Dr Justin Eyquem, of UCSF added: With their safer profile, their natural antitumor activity through a variety of receptors and their allogeneic potential, NK cells are a great addition to the adoptive therapy field. We strongly believe that precision gene editing and rational CAR design will not only make CAR NK cells stronger and safer, but also greatly standardize their manufacturing.

About Cytovia Therapeutics: Cytovia is dedicated to the development of transformational cancer immunotherapies, addressingseveral of the most challenging unmet medical needsincluding the prevention of cancer relapse and metastasis. Cytovia focuses on Natural Killer (NK) cell biology and applies precision medicine tools to develop the right therapy for the right patientat the right stage of the disease. Cytovia has secured access to multiple advanced technologies, including allogeneic cell therapy, multispecific antibodies, and cytokines.Cytovia establishes development partnerships to accelerate time-to-market and commercialization alliances in order to optimize rapid adoption of its novel immunotherapies.

About UCSF:The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) is exclusively focused on the health sciences and is dedicated to promoting health worldwidethrough advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and healthprofessions, and excellence in patient care. It includes UCSF Health, which comprises three top-ranked hospitals, as well as affiliations throughout the Bay Area. Learn more athttps://www.ucsf.edu,or see ourFact Sheet.

Contact information:

CYTOVIA Therapeutics:Anna Baran-DjokovicVP, Corporate Affairsanna@cytoviatx.com

Cytovia Media Contact:Charlotte Tomiccharlotte@tomiccommmunications.comCell 9178825243

UCSF Media:Laura KurtzmanSenior Public Information Officer1-415-476-3163laura.kurtzman@ucsf.edu

The rest is here:
Cytovia Therapeutics and the University of California, San Francisco enter into a partnership to develop precision gene-edited CAR-NK cell therapy -...

HIV-Associated Immune Amnesia Could Explain Why HIV-Positive People Have Shorter Lives – PrecisionVaccinations

A new study led by the Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine and Oregon National Primate Research Center found Human Immunodeficiency (HIV) patients lose immunity to smallpox, even though they were vaccinated against the disease as children.

Called HIV-associated immune amnesia, this finding published on January 2, 2020, could explain why people living with HIV still tend to have shorter lives on average than their HIV-negative counterparts, despite being on antiretroviral therapy.

This new study was published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases and follows other research recently published in the journals Science and Science Immunology that found the immune systems of children who contracted measles similarly "forgot" their immunity against other illnesses, such as influenza.

The previous study was published on October 31, 2019, found measles infections in children can eliminate the immune systems memory to fight off other illnesses.

That was the first study to show definitive evidence that a measles virus infection can destroy important immune cells that remember previous encounters with specific bacteria.

Led by Mark K. Slifka, Ph.D., a professor of molecular microbiology and immunology at the Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine and Oregon National Primate Research Center, this new study compared T-cell and antibody responses of a total of 100 HIV-positive and HIV-negative women who were vaccinated against smallpox in their youth.

The research team chose smallpox because its last known U.S. case was in 1949, meaning study subjects haven't recently been exposed to its virus, which would have triggered new T-cell and antibody responses.

They found the immune systems of HIV-positive women who were on antiretroviral therapy had a limited response when their blood was exposed to the vaccina virus, which is used in the smallpox vaccine.

Normally, those vaccinated against smallpox have CD4 T cells that remember the virus and respond in large numbers when they're exposed again. Previous research has shown smallpox virus-specific CD4 T cells are maintained for up to 75 years after vaccination.

This finding happened despite the fact that antiretroviral therapy works by boosting CD4 T cell counts in HIV-positive patients. This indicates that while antiretroviral therapy may boost total T cell counts overall, it can't recover virus-specific T cells generated from prior childhood vaccinations.

Dr. Slifka and his colleagues plan to evaluate whether the same phenomenon occurs in HIV-infected men and if people living with HIV also lose immune memory to other diseases.

Researchers who contributed to this study are affiliated with OHSU, SUNY Downstate, Georgetown University, Cornell University, University of Southern California and John Hopkins University.

This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health Public Health Service (grant U19 AI109948) and the Oregon National Primate Research Center (grant 8P51 OD011092).

HIV vaccine news published by Precision Vaccinations.

See more here:
HIV-Associated Immune Amnesia Could Explain Why HIV-Positive People Have Shorter Lives - PrecisionVaccinations

Common fruitfly at the centre of global meet in Pune in modern biology – Hindustan Times

PUNE National and international experts from various streams of biology, cancer and DNA damage, immunology and memory formation in the brain have gathered in Pune to discuss deep research into the common fruitfly at the 5th Asia Pacific Drosophila Research Conference (APDRC5) and Indian Drosophila Research Conference that began here today.

Two Nobel laureates, Eric Wieschaus and Michael Rosbash, renowned for their work in development biology and chronobiology respectively, are among the 100 international and 330 Indian participants in this five-day conference, being held in the country for the first time.

Organised by the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, IISERs Professor (Biology) Sutirth Dey said, This meeting is special for us because the Indian scientific community is very strong in Drosophila. This is one of those meetings in which, absolutely, the whos who of drosophoila biology from all over the world are coming. They are not only going to meet other scientists but also the post-doctoral, PhD students and under-graduates, he said.

Dey, who is using Drosophila for research in Ecology and Evolution said this common fruitfly has a very different kind of immune system from humans and yet, some pathways are common.

It has been one of the most widely-used model organism in the world for research in life sciences over the last 100 years because its genome has been entirely sequenced and there is enormous information available about its biochemistry, physiology and behaviour, he said.

The entire process of development from a cell to a full-fledged organism has been studied in Drosophila. Scientists have found that many similarities exist between Drosophila and higher organisms and therefore this research is very useful, said Dey.

One of the highlights of the Pune conference is the participation of under-graduate, post-graduate and PhD students from top institutes across the country. Fifty six under-graduate students from nine institutes across India and 13 students from nine foreign institutes in the US, Japan, China and Taiwan are participating in this conference.

Drosophila brings together a range of experts such as developmental biologists, neurobiologists, evolutionary biologists, molecular biologists and others, all of who discuss their insights into the drosophila system.

Some of the top scientists participating are K Vijayaraghavan, developmental biologist and principal scientific advisor to Government of India, Developmental biologist LS Shashidhara; evolutionary biologist Amitabh Joshi; Subhash Lakhotia, a specialist in Chromosome Biology and Rakesh Mishra, an expert in Genomics and Epigenetics.

Trudi Schupbach, an expert on cancer and DNA damage from Princeton University; Gines Morata, an expert on formation of body patterns and gene functions from Spain; Kenji Matsuno, from Osaka University, and Ann Shyn Chiang, an expert on memory formation in brain from the National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, are among those participating at the event.

See the rest here:
Common fruitfly at the centre of global meet in Pune in modern biology - Hindustan Times

Trabectedin Targets Leukemic Cells and Restores Immune Cell Function in Models of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia – Cancer Therapy Advisor

The marine-derived compound trabectedin depletes both human primary leukemic cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, according to a new study published in Cancer Immunology Research.1 The researchers think their findings could lead to a new therapy that targets both leukemic cells and the protumor microenvironment, repairing the immune dysfunction that is characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

CLLis characterized by lymphocyte accumulation in the blood, bone marrow, andlymphoid tissues.2 Recent advances in CLL therapy have come fromfinding and targeting the appropriate molecular pathways of the disease,explained Kanti R. Rai, MD, a professor of medicine and molecular medicine atthe Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell whowasnt involved in the study. Dr Rai said that, for instance, the Brutontyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib binds to the receptor and affects B-cellreceptorsignaling. Another drug, venetoclax, an antagonist to BCL2, can effectivelyinduce apoptosis in CLL cells. However, treatment of this disease remainschallenging due to its immunosuppressive nature. If we [are] to attain a cure,newer compounds have to be identified which have a different mechanism ofcontrolling CLL, he said.

Patientswith CLL have dysfunctional T cells, noted Maria Teresa Bertilaccio, PhD, whois an assistant professor in the department of experimental therapeutics at TheUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, and the correspondingauthor of the study. Patients [with CLL] have immunosuppression features, sothey might develop an infection because their immune system is not working,she told Cancer Therapy Advisor. Our approach is not only to eradicateleukemia, but also to rearm the immune system to give patients a better qualityof life.

Trabectedintargets tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs); TAMs are thought to support CLLgrowth. A previous study by the Bertilaccio group showed that depleting TAMs byblocking CSF1R signaling reprograms the tumor microenvironment toward anantitumor phenotype.3 This led them to hypothesize that trabectedincould simultaneously target both leukemic cells and nonmalignant cells in thetumor microenvironment.

Continued here:
Trabectedin Targets Leukemic Cells and Restores Immune Cell Function in Models of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia - Cancer Therapy Advisor

Johnson & Johnson: The Pharma Giant That Continues To Grow – Seeking Alpha

I do not paint a portrait to look like the subject, rather does the person grow to look like his portrait. - Salvador Dali

Johnson & Johnson (NYSE:JNJ), the worlds biggest pharmaceutical company by market cap, has enjoyed a great end to the year after its stock hit a fresh 2019 high of $147.84 in the previous week. Despite the recent litigation, the company is well positioned to continue growing thanks to its impressive pharmaceutical portfolio.

Most recently, the company has faced legal headwinds in the context of its alleged involvement in the opioid crisis. However, the latest test results released by the company show that J&Js baby powder did not contain asbestos. Previously, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration studies showed that the product contained the material.

The tests that were conducted are part of a large-scale effort by J&J to prove the safety of its widely used consumer product after the test by the FDA prompted J&J to undertake a nationwide recall of one lot of Johnsons Baby Powder in October.

A crisis involving baby powder didnt stop the banking titan Barclays to upgrade the JNJ stock from Equal Weight to Overweight.

In our view, litigation concerns are more than priced in and the risk/reward is attractive. We think J&J checks a lot of boxes heading into 2020, leaving risk/reward skewed to the upside. said Kristen Stewart, an analyst at Barclays.

Furthermore, the bank raised the price target to $173. The stock closed yesterday's trading session at $145.30.

This is the second time J&Js stock was upgraded in one week. Previously, Morgan Stanley analyst David Lewis made the same upgrade - from Equal Weight to Overweight, describing the companys stock as an attractive buying opportunity.

Out of 19 analysts covering Johnson & Johnson, 13 have upgraded the stock to either Buy or Overweight.

The upgrades didnt surprise many as the after the company reported in October that Q3 earnings and revenue beat estimates, thanks to growing sales of cancer and other prescription drugs, regardless of multi-million-dollar legal issues the company.

The pharmaceutical giant reported adjusted earnings of $2.12 per share, beating the expected $2.01 per share. The reported revenue was $20.73, again higher than the expected $20.07 billion. Overall, the companys three main components reported better-than-expected results.

Technically, the price is trading just below the all-time high of $148.99, printed in December 2018. The stock has been rallying since the Q3 earnings report was released on October 23, a day after the stock printed a 9-month low of $126.10. In around two months time, JNJ has managed to increase its market cap by around 15%.

The price action is supported by the horizontal support near the $145 mark, the previous 2019 high, and $141.50 where the broken descending trend line that connects two previous lower highs sits.

If the bulls continue to move the price higher, the initial target is the zone around the $150 mark where the 127.2% Fibonacci extensions of the June 19-October 19 correction lower lie. Overall, any move above $149 will mark a new all-time high for shares of JNJ.

As I mentioned in the Lead-Lag Report, the US stock market is well-positioned to continue rising in 2020, hence a future upside is a strong possibility for a healthy businesses such as Johnson & Johnson.

Arguably the biggest strength of the company is portfolio diversification. JNJ continues to impress with its performance in the areas of oncology and immunology, where its products such as Imbruvica, Stelara and Tremfya continue to yield profits. For instance, Tremfyas portfolio increased as much as 69% in the third quarter.

I wouldnt be surprised if the company goes aggressive on the expansion front. It is expected that the growth in the pharmaceutical sector should further pick up in 2020, which should benefit the company given the historical correlation between J&J's stock and pharma growth.

Johnson & Johnson finds itself in a great financial shape as its operations in the healthcare industry are unrivaled. Thanks to the diversified portfolio, especially within the oncology and immunology fields, shares of Johnson & Johnson appear to be a solid investment option as the bulls look determined to push the price north of $150.

*Like this article? Don't forget to hit the follow button above!

How To Avoid the Most Common Trading Mistakes

Sometimes, you might not realize your biggest portfolio risks until its too late.

Thats why its important to pay attention to the right market data, analysis, and insights on a daily basis. Being a passive investor puts you at unnecessary risk. When you stay informed on key signals and indicators, you'll take control of your financial future.

My award-winning market research gives you everything you need to know each day, so you can be ready to act when it matters most.

Click here to gain access and try the Lead-Lag Report FREE for 14 days.

Disclosure: I/we have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.

Additional disclosure: This writing is for informational purposes only and Lead-Lag Publishing, LLC undertakes no obligation to update this article even if the opinions expressed change. It does not constitute an offer to sell, a solicitation to buy, or a recommendation regarding any securities transaction. It also does not offer to provide advisory or other services in any jurisdiction. The information contained in this writing should not be construed as financial or investment advice on any subject matter. Lead-Lag Publishing, LLC expressly disclaims all liability in respect to actions taken based on any or all of the information on this writing.

Here is the original post:
Johnson & Johnson: The Pharma Giant That Continues To Grow - Seeking Alpha

New Way to Deliver Old Tuberculosis Vaccine Provides ‘Incredible Protection’ in Monkeys – ScienceAlert

What if you could make the tuberculosis vaccine much more powerful, not by altering the ingredients, but just by changing the way it is given to people? It would help prevent the infection that kills more people every year than any other microbe.

Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium, called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes a lung infection that progresses slowly but can destroy the lungs if not treated. Although we might not think of it too often here in the United States, it remains a major killer worldwide.

In 2018 alone, there were 10 million new cases of active TB and almost 1.5 million deaths from TB infections. What makes the disease particularly insidious is that because symptoms are slow to manifest and can resemble other diseases, it takes a long time before people with TB are diagnosed and given treatment.

But until a person with TB gets treated with drugs, they can pass it on to other people - and this bacterium spreads fast through coughing, sneezing, and even singing.

You might be surprised to learn that most of the people who die from TB were actually vaccinated as a baby, using a vaccine called bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). BCG has been used for almost 100 years and is a live but crippled version of a similar bacterium to the one that causes TB.

This vaccine is pretty good at preventing certain types of TB in children, but not adolescents or adults. My team here in Pittsburgh together with collaborators at the National Institutes of Health have figured out a better way to administer this vaccine to prevent this devastating disease which often affects the poorest people in the world.

(Timonina/Shutterstock.com)

I was originally trained as a microbiologist, studying bacteria that cause disease, and later developed an interest in how the body's immune system fights off infections. Combining my passions for microbiology and immunology, I began investigating tuberculosis almost 30 years ago.

I started my own lab at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine with the goal of understanding TB disease and how we might prevent it.

I started by using mice to study TB. But then, 20 years ago, I began using monkeys and discovered that monkeys develop the same type of TB disease that humans do. Studying TB in monkeys was a breakthrough that enabled me to begin the search for new vaccines against this deadly disease.

TB is such a fascinating disease and has been causing illness in humans for thousands of years. Anthropologists have discovered, for example, tuberculosis in Egyptian mummies. It infects nearly all mammals.

Yet, even though the cause of TB has been known since the late 1800s, it is still not clear why some humans can suppress the infection and not become sick while others are more vulnerable and develop disease.

I wanted to use my understanding of this complicated bacterium to find more effective ways to prevent the disease.

My colleague Robert Seder, a vaccine expert at the National Institutes of Health, had discovered that delivering a malaria vaccine directly into the bloodstream, through a vein, was much more effective than any other route of delivery such as the skin or muscle, and was a much better way to prevent the disease.

Together, we decided to try a similar approach with TB using the current BCG vaccine. We vaccinated monkeys with BCG by injecting the vaccine under the skin (the usual route for babies), by aerosolizing the vaccine and spraying it directly into the lungs, or injecting it directly into the the blood using an IV.

After two months we found that when the vaccine was delivered via IV, the numbers of specialized immune cells, called T cells, which can recognize and kill the bacteria, increased by 100-fold in the lungs. Then, months later, we exposed the monkeys to M. tuberculosis.

Unvaccinated monkeys developed severe TB disease within a few months. BCG administered through the skin or into the lungs gave a little bit of protection, but the monkeys still had signs of TB.

The IV vaccine provided incredible protection. In most of the animals, there were no M. tuberculosis bacteria in the entire monkey. We also used specialized imaging, called PET-CT, and showed that the lungs of most of these monkeys were free of any disease. This means that BCG vaccine prevented TB infection and disease when given intravenously.

This is an exciting breakthrough in the field of TB, since most vaccines tested in any models provide relatively limited protection. If we can figure out how BCG IV prevents M. tuberculosis infection, we may be on the path to developing a new vaccine for humans.

Although we have a long way to go before it is ready for humans, the lessons we learn from the BCG IV studies will be critical in developing new TB vaccines and, we hope, saving millions of lives.

JoAnne L. Flynn, Professor of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Read more from the original source:
New Way to Deliver Old Tuberculosis Vaccine Provides 'Incredible Protection' in Monkeys - ScienceAlert

Changed route of immunization dramatically improves efficacy of TB vaccine – National Institutes of Health

Media Advisory

Thursday, January 2, 2020

NIH scientists report results from animal study.

Tuberculosis (TB), an ancient disease, is the leading infectious cause of death globally, yet the worlds only licensed TB vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), was developed a century ago. Given to infants via a needle placed just under the skin, BCG protects babies from a form of the disease called disseminated TB but is far less effective at preventing pulmonary TB, the major cause of illness and deaths, in teens or adults.

Now, researchers from the National Institutes of Healths National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and their colleagues have shown that simply changing the dose and route of administration from intradermal (ID) to intravenous (IV) greatly increases the vaccines ability to protect rhesus macaques from infection following exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterium that causes TB. The findings provide a new understanding of the mechanisms of BCG-elicited protection against tuberculosis infection and disease. In addition, the findings support investigation of IV BCG administration in clinical trials to determine whether this route improves its effectiveness in teens and adults.

Study investigators at the NIAID Vaccine Research Center were led by Robert A. Seder, M.D., and Mario Roederer, Ph.D. Their collaborators included JoAnne L. Flynn, Ph.D., of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

To control Mtb infection and prevent clinical disease, a TB vaccine must elicit strong, sustained responses from the immune systems T cells, specifically those in the lungs. However, the standard, ID, route of BCG administration may not generate enough of these critical cells in the lungs. The NIAID researchers and their colleagues hypothesized that administration of BCG by IV or aerosol (AE) routes would overcome this hurdle and thus confer substantially better protection from infection and/or disease in rhesus macaques following challenge with virulent Mtb.

In their study, groups of animals received the BGC vaccine by ID, AE or IV routes. The scientists assessed immune responses in blood and in fluid drawn from the lungs for a 24-week period following vaccination. IV BCG vaccination resulted in the highest durable levels of T cells in the blood and lungs.

Six months after vaccination, the researchers exposed groups of vaccinated rhesus macaques (immunized via ID, AE or IV routes) and a group of unvaccinated macaques to a virulent strain of Mtb by introducing the bacteria directly into the animals lungs. They then tracked the infection and disease development over three months. Nine out of 10 animals vaccinated with IV BCG were highly protected; six showed no detectable infection in any tissue tested and three had only very low counts of Mtb bacteria in lung tissue. All unvaccinated animals and those immunized via ID or AE routes showed signs of significantly greater infection.

The investigators concluded that IV BCG conferred an unprecedented degree of protection in an animal model of severe TB and represents a major step forward in the field of TB vaccine research.

PA Darrah et al. Prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous BCG immunization. Nature DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1817-8 (2020).

NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., is available to comment. Dr. Seder, chief, Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, is also available.

This research was funded, in part, by the NIAID Intramural Research Program and through NIH grants 5U24AI118672 and 2RM1HG006193.

NIAID conducts and supports research at NIH, throughout the United States, and worldwide to study the causes of infectious and immune-mediated diseases, and to develop better means of preventing, diagnosing and treating these illnesses. News releases, fact sheets and other NIAID-related materials are available on the NIAID website.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH):NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.

NIHTurning Discovery Into Health

###

Read the rest here:
Changed route of immunization dramatically improves efficacy of TB vaccine - National Institutes of Health

Author Angie Fox and Artist Craig Skaggs at The Toyman Toy Show in St. Louis Sunday January 12th – We Are Movie Geeks

TheToyman Toy Showin St. Louis has been going strong for 30 years now and just keeps getting bigger and better! The fun now takes place nine times a year at The Machinists Hall 12365 St Charles Rock Road in Bridgeton, MO 63044. There areover 120 vendors at the Toyman Toy Show spread out over220 tables. all selling vintage toys, comics, dolls, diecast cars, movie memorabilia, and more as well as cosplayers and artists. Its an unbelievable amount of fun for only $5! A Facebook invite for the event can be found HERE

The next Toyman Show is Sunday, January 12th from 9:00a to 3:00p and Author Angie Fox and Artist Craig Skaggs will be special guests.

Angie Fox is the New York Times bestselling author of the Accidental Demon Slayer series. She claims that researching her books can be just as much fun as writing them. In the name of fact-finding, Angie has ridden with Harley biker gangs, explored the tunnels underneath Hoover Dam and found an interesting recipe for Mamma Coalpots Southern Skunk Surprise (shes still trying to get her courage up to try it).Angie earned a Journalism degree from the University of Missouri. She worked in television news and then in advertising before beginning her career as an author.She also enjoys making up fun quizzes and thinks you should take one right now.

Craig Skaggs started his career as an artist in 1983 illustrating childrens books for a small publishing company when he was a junior in high school. In the early nineties he became a full-time freelancer working for multiple advertising agencies, and publishers of teaching material. he was then picked by Skywalker Ranch to illustrate licensed Star Wars art when they were re-releasing episodes 4, 5 and 6 with new special effects. he also began designing all kinds of toys and products for over thirty companies, doing illustrations for several magazine, game, comic, childrens book and journal publishers, and he was a cover artist for Random House Pub. and Wings Press for several years. Seven years ago he became a lead medical illustrator for the American College of Cardiology, and the Journal of Allergy and Immunology. About three years ago he started doing conventions, and fine art gallery shows. Just recently hes started doing illustrations for Altered Creatures Pub., and toy design work for SG labs.

Over 125+ Vendors on 225+ tables of Toys, Comics, Games, Movie posters, Barbie, Hot Wheels, Die-Cast, Models, Pop Culture and a TOTALLY OPEN BALCONY.

Adult Admission at the Toyman Show: $5.00 Children 16 & under free. Sunday: 9:00am 3:00pm. Early Bird @ 8:00a $12.00 * FREE PARKING *

The Toyman Toy Show site can be foundHERE

View original post here:
Author Angie Fox and Artist Craig Skaggs at The Toyman Toy Show in St. Louis Sunday January 12th - We Are Movie Geeks