Category Archives: Immunology

Gossamer Bio Announces Participation in Upcoming Investor Conferences – Yahoo Finance

SAN DIEGO--(BUSINESS WIRE)--

Gossamer Bio, Inc. (GOSS), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering, acquiring, developing and commercializing therapeutics in the disease areas of immunology, inflammation and oncology, today announced that members of the management team will participate in the following investor conferences:

A live webcast of the presentations will be available on the Events and Presentations page in the Investors section of the companys website at https://ir.gossamerbio.com. A replay of the webcast will be archived on the companys website for 90 days following the presentation.

About Gossamer Bio

Gossamer Bio is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering, acquiring, developing and commercializing therapeutics in the disease areas of immunology, inflammation and oncology. Its goal is to be an industry leader in each of these therapeutic areas and to enhance and extend the lives of patients suffering from such diseases.

View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191126005147/en/

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Gossamer Bio Announces Participation in Upcoming Investor Conferences - Yahoo Finance

AbbVie Shareholders Have a Lot to Look Forward To With Allergan – The Motley Fool

AbbVie's (NYSE:ABBV) third-quarter earnings call reminded investors about the transformative potential of the Allergan acquisition for the pharma giant. Management reiterated that they continue to expect the deal to close by the end of the first quarter of 2020. This is promising for investors, as the combined entity will allow AbbVie to gain a more diversified foothold in faster-growing therapeutic areas such as Botox and neuroscience while expanding its immunology portfolio with the addition of Allergan's Linzess and Viberzi.

AbbVie CEO Richard Gonzalez said on the earnings call that "the Allergan transaction will make us even stronger and more diversified." Let's see why.

Photo Credit: Getty Images

The new AbbVie will have a strong market leadership position in a number of therapeutic areas. AbbVie would be No. 1 in immunology, supported by its flagship arthritis treatment, Humira, but investors are also excited about potential approvals following results of ongoing Phase 3 clinical trials of Skyrizi in psoriasis and Upadacitinib in rheumatoid arthritis before the end of 2020. Not surprisingly, AbbVie will also have a market leadership position in medical aesthetics, with a product suite covering Botox, the CoolSculpting fat removal system, and Juvederm dermal fillers, which are used to help conceal wrinkles. Medical aesthetics is still a rapidly growing market, especially internationally. Management cited a Markets and Markets Medical Aesthetics report from September 2018 that cited the aesthetics addressable market being $12B at the time and "growing."

Investors should be encouraged by Gonzalez's comments on the call that, "Based on the uniqueness of this particular molecule, we have come to the conclusion that it would be extremely difficult to create a biosimilar version of Botox, and I would tell you, we looked at this very extensively with a lot of outside expertise and we feel very confident that that's the case." This should create a steady stream of earnings and cash flow to AbbVie to help support other therapeutic areas without the worry of generic competition.

The scale and synergies of the acquisition are another bright spot for investors in a world where size matters more than ever to fend off competition.

Let's start with scale. Using full-year 2018 financials, adding AbbVie and Allergan gives us an entity that would have trailed only Johnson & Johnson, Roche, and Pfizer in revenue, lagging only the first two in operating cash flow. With the company's new scale, management believes it can achieve high-single-digit revenue growth.

With respect to the synergies, management expects the combined entity to lower costs and increase returns. Total savings are expected to top $2 billion over a three-plus-year period: 50% from R&D efficiency; 40% from selling, general, and administrative expenses as the footprint of the combined organization becomes leaner; and 10% from greater manufacturing efficiency. Those savings should show up quickly: Earnings per share are expected to get a 10% boost in year one and eventually top 20%. This will help support the increase of an already generous 5%-plus dividend yield, coupled with the promise of further shareholder-friendly actions as the company reduces its debt load. Gonzalez said that "combined, we will generate significant earnings and cash flow to enhance our innovative R&D platform support a strong and growing dividend and rapidly pay down debt."

Year to date, AbbVie's stock price has been more or less flat, lagging the S&P 500. As a result, it's sporting a forward price-to-earnings multiple of roughly 10 times consensus estimates. That's not a steep price for an attractive dividend yield coupled with the prospect of accelerating revenue and earnings growth.

As closure of the acquisition draws near, any negative investor sentiment should begin to abate, allowing for the prospects of multiple expansion. Gonzalez said on the call, "Our model is more conservative than what the Allergan current performance is and certainly more conservative than their longer-range forecast, but it still does project growth for Botox going forward." Thus, this multiple expansion should be led by reduced fears around competition, realized cost synergies, and potential for increased earnings guidance.

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AbbVie Shareholders Have a Lot to Look Forward To With Allergan - The Motley Fool

Stanford postdoc and students cited as example to girls interested in STEM fields | The Dish – Stanford University News

by Alex Kekauoha on November 24, 2019 10:31 am

Dorothy Tovar, PhD student in microbiology and immunology, is among those selected to be an IF/THEN ambassador. (Courtesy Dorothy Tovar)

Three Stanford students and one postdoctoral scholar have been selected to the first class of IF/THEN ambassadors for the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Each will provide support and mentorship to young girls interested in pursuing STEM fields.

Catie Cuan

Graduate students CATIE CUAN and DOROTHY TOVAR, postdoctoral scholar HELEN TRAN and undergraduate ERIN SMITHare among 125 women selected to serve as ambassadors.

The ambassadors recently attended the IF/THEN Summit in Dallas, Texas, where they participated in a full-body scan that produced life-sized 3D-printed statues of the ambassadors the largest collection of statues of women. Ambassadors will also work with Bay Area Girl Scout troops, appear on the network television series Mission Unstoppable about women working on cutting-edge STEM projects and participate in media campaigns.

The IF/THEN initiative is based on the idea that if women in STEM fields are supported, then they can change the world. The program is supported by a $25 million commitment from Dallas-based Lyda Hill Philanthropies. It is also a partnership with the American Association for the Advancement of Science, which works to advance science, engineering and innovation throughout the world for the benefit of all people.

Catie Cuan is a PhD candidate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. Growing up in Berkeley, California, she loved math and science, but had few female role models in those fields.

Helen Tran

This resulted in a self-imposed narrowing of what my future possibilities were, she said.

Cuan earned a bachelors degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and has had a career as a dancer and choreographer. After making performances and art installations with robots, she decided to pursue a graduate degree in mechanical engineering.Cuan is currently designing physical interactions between humans and robots, as well as haptic devices to tele-operate robots.

Helen Tran is the Intelligence Community postdoctoral fellow in the lab of Professor Zhenan Bao in the Department of Chemical Engineering.

A native of San Jose, California, science was not on Trans radar until college. She earned a bachelors degree in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, and a PhD in chemistry from Columbia University. She joined Stanford in 2016 and is currently researching biodegradable stretchable electronics.

Through the IF/THEN program, Tran has enjoyed learning about the quantitative studies on the importance of media representation of women in media.

Dorothy Tovar is a PhD student studying microbiology and immunology.

Erin Smith

Growing up in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Tovar became interested in science at a young age. She frequently read science books and encyclopedias and watched countless hours of the Discovery Channel. She also spent some of her childhood in Haiti, where she became fascinated by the way microscopic organisms could cause diseases that devastate entire countries.

Tovar earned a BS in microbiology from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, where she was awarded the universitys 21st Century Leader Award. She joined Stanford Medicine in 2015.

Erin Smith, a first-year student and native of Kansas, is the founder ofFacePrint, an AI tool to detect and monitor Parkinsons disease and commonly misidentified neurological disorders using video technology and early-stage facial expression indicators. She is currently off campus pursuing a Thiel Internship.

Smiths research interest was spurred when she watched a video by the Michael J. Fox Foundation and noticed that Parkinsons patients smiles and laughter often appeared emotionally distant years before diagnosis. She talked to clinicians and caretakers, who reported similar observations. As she read through past medical papers. she found that the often-overlooked parts of the brain that experience some of the earliest changes in Parkinsons patients are the same parts involved in the formation of facial expressions. Smith became captivated by the idea of using facial expressions to monitor changes in the brain like Parkinsons and objectively detect its onset.

Mentors have had a pivotal impact on my life, said Smith. I am looking forward to the opportunity to engage with young students and help shape their futures.

Read more in the Roundabout.

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Stanford postdoc and students cited as example to girls interested in STEM fields | The Dish - Stanford University News

Why I’m Holding On to My Bristol-Myers Squibb Shares Now That the Celgene Acquisition Has Closed – The Motley Fool

Goodbye, Celgene. Hello, Bristol-Myers Squibb (NYSE:BMY).

With Bristol-Myers Squibb's acquisition of Celgene closing on Wednesday, one of my favorite biotech stocks is now gone. Celgene became a subsidiary of BMS and is no longer a publicly traded company on its own. Like many former Celgene shareholders, I now own Bristol-Myers Squibb stock.

I've thought quite a bit about what I would do when the buyout deal concluded. My final conclusion: Do nothing. Here's why I plan to hold on to my new Bristol-Myers Squibb shares.

Image source: Getty Images.

I agree with market researcher EvaluatePharma that BMS's cancer immunotherapy Opdivo and its blood-thinning drug Eliquis are likely torank among the world's top-selling drugs over the next few years. But to be honest, the growth prospects for Opdivo and Eliquis alone wouldn't be enough to make me want to keep my newfound BMS shares. However, now that the big drugmaker owns Celgene's pipeline, it's a different story altogether.

Ozanimod appears to have very good chances of winning FDA approval for treating relapsed multiple sclerosis early next year. I expect the drug will generate peak annual sales in the ballpark of $5 billion if approved.

Celgene's cancer cell therapies liso-cel and ide-cel should also be in a pretty good position to secure regulatory approvals. These two drugs could tack on another $4 billion or so in combined peak annual sales. There could also be additional indications for recently approved Reblozyl (luspatercept) on the way that could help the drug achieve peak sales of close to $2 billion.

Looking farther down the road, I have high hopes for Celgene's CelMOD therapies that are currently in early stage clinical studies targeting blood cancers. I also think bb21217, a cell therapy that Celgene is developing with bluebird bio, could be a big winner.

These pipeline candidates make me excited about BMS's growth prospects. Yes, the company will have to offset the inevitable sales declines for Revlimid as generic rivals enter the market beginning in 2022. However, sales of those generics will be volume-limited at first. I think that the combination of Celgene's pipeline and already-approved drugs such as Pomalyst and Inrebic along with BMS's drugs should give the "new" company a solid growth runway.

In addition to its impressive blockbusters already mentioned, Bristol-Myers Squibb claims something remarkable of its own -- its dividend. The drugmaker's dividend currently yields 2.9%. That's a level that most investors would find quite attractive.

BMS has also been consistent at increasing its dividend payout through the years. Granted, those dividend hikes haven't been awe-inspiring. Still, a growing dividend is a good dividend in my book, especially with the already great yield.

I'm not worried at all about Bristol-Myers Squibb's ability to keep the dividends flowing and growing in the future. CFO Charles Bancroft noted in the company's third-quarter conference call that BMS will be able to increase its dividend, along with paying down its debt. He added that the company has "modeled annual increases" to its dividend in its pro forma financial projections.

It also helps that BMS just received $13.4 billion from the sale of Celgene's immunology drug Otezla to Amgen. While I would have preferred that BMS have Otezla in its lineup, the divestiture was necessary to make regulators happy and ended up being a good deal for all involved parties.

Celgene shareholders didn't just receive BMS stock with the closing of the acquisition. We also received $50 in cash per share plus a contingent value right (CVR) that will pay $9 if specified regulatory milestones are achieved.

I plan on holding on to my CVR. My expectation is that these CVR shares will eventually pay out the full $9 as BMS wins FDA approvals for ozanimod, liso-cel, and ide-cel.

As for the cash that I received with the acquisition of Celgene, I plan to invest in stocks, of course. Bristol-Myers Squibb won't be one of them, though, because I want to diversify more outside healthcare. The good news is that there are plenty of great stocks to choose from.

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Why I'm Holding On to My Bristol-Myers Squibb Shares Now That the Celgene Acquisition Has Closed - The Motley Fool

Immunitas Therapeutics Launches with $39 Million to Advance Lead Programs to Human Efficacy Studies Based on a Unique Immunology-Focused Drug…

BOSTON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Immunitas Therapeutics (Immunitas), a single cell genomics-based drug discovery company founded by Longwood Fund, today announced a $39 million Series A financing led by Leaps by Bayer and Novartis Venture Fund and joined by additional investors including Evotec, M Ventures, Alexandria Venture Investments, and other institutional investors. The company plans to use this funding to advance its first programs, monoclonal antibody therapeutics with single agent activity in preclinical models of oncology, to clinical studies.

Underlying the companys programs is the unique drug development platform crafted by the Immunitas team along with Aviv Regev (Professor of Biology and Core Member of the Broad Institute and Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute) that dissects the microenvironment of human tumors using single cell genomics-based approaches to identify novel immune targets. The Immunitas platform has generated fully humanized antibodies that act on these targets, advancing to human efficacy studies driven by specific clinical biomarkers, and a breadth of promising druggable cancer targets.

The scientific founders of Immunitas are pioneers in studying the immunobiology of human tumors, including the use of single cell genomics-based techniques and antibody-development techniques:

Single cell genomic sequencing has tremendous promise to help unravel the interactions between immune cells and cancer cells in tumors to advance cancer drug development but focusing it appropriately to discover meaningful new targets based on human biology has been challenging, said Dr. Wucherpfennig. The Immunitas platform is designed to reveal novel and important adaptive and innate immune interactions with tumor cells, which may open up new possibilities in cancer therapy. My scientific co-founders and I look forward to continuing to work with the Immunitas team as they advance this powerful science.

Our scientific founders are pioneers in the field of single cell sequencing and analysis. They have extensive expertise in deep computational biology, which has enabled us to discover novel therapeutic targets directly from human immunology, said Lea Hachigian, Ph.D., co-founder, director and President of Immunitas Therapeutics. The data from this platform have also provided us with biomarkers for patient selection, which has potential to accelerate our development plans and provides improved chances for efficacy for individual patients.

Immunitas was founded to directly address the challenge of translating findings from laboratory research in model organisms to meaningful clinical advances in humans. Immunitas focuses on human samples, allowing the company to start with and stay closer to the most relevant and translatable biology for patients.

One of todays biggest challenges in oncology is how to efficiently and effectively move preclinical research into human therapies while avoiding the false signals often seen in animal models, said Dr. Jrgen Eckhardt, Head of Leaps by Bayer, Bayer AGs strategic venture capital unit. The scientific founders of Immunitas have elegantly solved this problem by dissecting the biology of immune cells in human tumors directly. We are excited to support this approach which has the potential to significantly improve cancer drug development.

Longwood-founded Immunitas also announced key senior management appointments as well as the Board of Directors of the company. Dr. Lea Hachigian is co-founder, director and President of Immunitas as well as a Principal at Longwood Fund. She is also a co-founder and director of TScan Therapeutics. Tarek Samad, Ph.D. is the Chief Scientific Officer at Immunitas Therapeutics. He has over two decades of experience in academia and industry leading small molecule and antibody biologic programs into the clinic. Amanda Wagner joins the company as Vice President of Strategy and Operations with over ten years of biotech experience in similar roles. The Board of Directors includes Dr. Laura Brass, Dr. Jrgen Eckhardt, Dr. Lea Hachigian, Dr. Lucio Iannone, Dr. Christoph Westphal, and Dr. Vincent Xiang.

About Immunitas Therapeutics

Immunitas Therapeutics, founded by Longwood Fund, employs a single cell genomics platform to dissect the biology of immune cells in human tumors, thereby advancing discoveries directly from the bench into meaningful clinical improvements. Our focus on human data allows us to start with and stay closer to the biology that is most relevant in patients and greatly accelerates the pace of our research. The Immunitas team of scientific pioneers innovates around each step of the drug development process, first identifying novel targets, then designing therapeutic strategies, and developing key biomarkers to guide the selection of patients who may benefit from our new drugs. http://www.ImmunitasTx.com.

Immunitas the human approach to oncology

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Immunitas Therapeutics Launches with $39 Million to Advance Lead Programs to Human Efficacy Studies Based on a Unique Immunology-Focused Drug...

Omeros’ New GPR174 Immuno-oncology Data Presented at the American Association for Cancer Research Conference In Boston Now Available Online – Business…

SEATTLE--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Omeros Corporation (Nasdaq: OMER) presented new GPR174 immuno-oncology data yesterday at the American Association for Cancer Research Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy in Boston, Massachusetts. The positively received and well-attended presentation about the companys cell-based and animal studies related to its newly discovered cancer immunity axis was made by Marc Gavin, Ph.D., Omeros Director of Immunology. This data can now be accessed on the companys website at https://investor.omeros.com/presentations

About Omeros Corporation

Omeros is an innovative biopharmaceutical company committed to discovering, developing and commercializing small-molecule and protein therapeutics for large-market as well as orphan indications targeting complement-mediated diseases, disorders of the central nervous system and immune-related diseases, including cancers. In addition to its commercial product OMIDRIA (phenylephrine and ketorolac intraocular solution) 1%/0.3%, Omeros has multiple Phase 3 and Phase 2 clinical-stage development programs focused on complement-mediated disorders and substance abuse, as well as a diverse group of preclinical programs including GPR174, a novel target in immuno-oncology that modulates a new cancer immunity axis recently discovered by Omeros. Small-molecule inhibitors of GPR174 are part of Omeros proprietary G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) platform through which it controls 54 new GPCR drug targets and their corresponding compounds. The company also exclusively possesses a novel antibody-generating platform.

Source: Omeros Corporation

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Omeros' New GPR174 Immuno-oncology Data Presented at the American Association for Cancer Research Conference In Boston Now Available Online - Business...

Road trip germs and how to avoid the grossness this holiday – CNN

(CNN) It's the time of year to pile the family into the car and make the trek to grandma's house.

No doubt you've got the packing down pat, as well as the best ways to entertain the kids as you travel. You've probably stashed some hand sanitizer for those thousands of restroom stops as well.

But have you thought of all of the other germs you might encounter on your journey?

Your car

Think of all the things you carry in your car -- and the germs that ride along. Not to mention the fact that most of us eat in our cars, scattering tasty bits to feed those microbes.

In fact, the study found the inside of the average car to be over 2,000 times germier than a phone, with more than 200 infectious bacteria per inch.

None of that surprises microbiologist Charles Gerba, a professor of public health, environmental science and immunology at the University of Arizona.

"I can actually tell by looking at the microbiology of a car where it is from in the US," Gerba said. Known as "Dr. Germ" for his abundant testing for germs on nearly every surface mankind might touch, Gerba's work is often commissioned by cleaning supply manufacturers to verify if their products work.

"We grew salmonella in the shop and we put them in the trucks of cars in different states," Gerba said. "In the south and Florida, it's nice and humid like a sauna so you get tons of bacteria. Michigan is like a refrigerator, so it's loaded with fungi because they grow better at the colder temperature."

However, in Arizona where Gerba lives, it's tougher for bacteria to survive: "They get toasted because it's 120 degrees in your trunk."

The solution is obvious: Clean the inside of your car with sanitizing wipes, change the air filters frequently to remove airborne particles, vacuum upholstery and sanitize floor mats. And don't forget to clean your keys.

Another germy surface you won't be able to avoid on your road trip: the gas station. The buttons you push to select and pay for gas harbor millions of bacteria, some dangerous, some not, according to the car rental survey. Gas pumps carried over 6,000 times the bacteria a public elevator button has and more than 11,000 times the germs of a public toilet seat.

Adding to my travel checklist: disposable plastic gloves.

Eating out on the road

Germs can spread through a family very quickly, as Gerba found out when he swabbed the hands of several families of four with a benign bacterium.

"Usually the germs spread to about 90% of the home's surfaces within four hours. I was actually kind of amazed," he said.

Just imagine what's happening in a restaurant that is serving one person (or family with small children in diapers) after another...

"Restaurant menus, they get pretty germy," Gerba said. "The plastic ones get really bad. Tabletops can be nasty too. We sampled tables at restaurants and asked the waiter or waitress to come over and wipe it clean."

Instead, Gerba said, "they usually put a thin layer of E. coli down on the table for us to eat off of."

"They're supposed to use disinfectants in these sponges and dish cloths, but apparently it's not effective enough," Gerba continued. "When they come to wipe my table off, I say 'Don't do it please. I'm fine.' "

Another note to self: Bring disinfectant wipes into restaurants every, single, time.

Self-checkouts

From the restaurant you just wiped down to the grocery store or quick mart you stopped at to get some snacks for the road, self-checkouts are another way to keep things moving quickly. Too bad they're so germy.

"We found a lot of fecal bacteria, antibiotic-resistant bacteria. I must say I was quite surprised," Gerba said. "They were worse than hospital screens that doctors and nurses touch. I certainly don't use the self-checkout anymore."

But here's some good news: When you pay for your items with cash, there's little chance of those dollar bills and coins passing on germs.

"We had people touch paper bills and very few bacteria, only 1%, came off," Gerba said.

"There may be bacteria but it doesn't transfer to your hands because bills tend to be porous. Coins tend to be somewhat anti-microbial; they are made of copper, silver and nickel. So, they didn't come out too bad in our studies either."

Too bad many of us don't carry much cash. Well, thank goodness for quick pay on our cell phones.

Oh, right. We carry those into the bathroom with us.

Hotel rooms

The nastiest item? The hotel TV remote.

Surprisingly, one of the least contaminated spots was the bathroom door handle.

Gerba tested hotel rooms that varied in price from $98 to $500 per night. You'd think the more expensive lodging would be less germy, but you'd be wrong. One 5-star hotel room had excessive levels of bacteria on the room service menu. Another disgusting item was the hotel hair dryer.

And when it comes to remote controls, Gerba's team found similar results as the Houston researchers, but with an extremely, uh, disturbing twist.

"Remote controls are the germiest thing in a hotel room," Gerba said. "In fact, we found semen on 30% of the remote controls we tested."

Speechless. But I can still scribble another note to myself: Next road trip bring enough plastic wrap to cover entire body.

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Road trip germs and how to avoid the grossness this holiday - CNN

Study involving U of T researchers suggests Ontario teen first case of ‘popcorn lung’ linked to vaping: CBC – News@UofT

An Ontario teen who was put on life support following a serious vaping-related illness may be the first known case of a form of lung damage caused by vaping, according to a study co-authored by Tereza Martinu and Andrew Steel of the University of Torontos Faculty of Medicine.

Martinu, an assistant professor in thedepartment of immunology who was part of the team of doctors who cared for the 17-year-old at Toronto General Hospital, told CBC News that the teen appeared to suffer from bronchiolitis obliterans or popcorn lung, rather than the illness dubbed EVALI (e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury).

"It was a relatively wild story; we have not seen something like this that often," said Martinu, a lung transplant respirologist who co-authored the study published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal. "The referring team was really worried that he was not going to make it."

The teens condition eventually improved after treatment with steroids, with Martinu saying he may have suffered chronic lung damage.

"If he truly does have this bronchiolitis oblitirans scarring problem that we're worried about, he will likely remain with some amount of lung disease," she said. "But we won't really know until we see how it evolves."

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Study involving U of T researchers suggests Ontario teen first case of 'popcorn lung' linked to vaping: CBC - News@UofT

Lung response to bacteria revealed by researchers – Drug Target Review

A study has discovered the process behind the lung immune response, which could be used to develop treatments against pneumonia.

Researchers have revealed the process that the lungs use in the body to defend themselves against bacteria. According to the team, their findings could be used to develop treatments against pneumonia.

The study was conducted at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), US.

The study was designed to generate knowledge about the immune components that are useful for fighting pneumonia

Previous research has demonstrated that recovery from bacterial pneumonia improves the bodys defence against further infections through lung resident memory T (TRM) cells. However, the way in which these cells protect the lungs has been unknown until now.

The team found that TRM cells surrounding lung cells send out a signal to recruit bacteria killers called neutrophils.

Using experimental models, the researchers developed ways to deplete TRM cells to determine how they affected the lungs response to infection.

Because we found that the lung-lining cells changed their behaviour when TRM cells were missing, we studied those lung-lining cells in culture, including how they responded to TRM-derived signals to generate neutrophil-recruiting signals, explained corresponding author Professor Joseph Mizgerd.

According to the researchers, the study was designed to generate knowledge about the immune components that are useful for fighting pneumonia. Over the long-term, our study has implications for preventing and treating pneumonia which is important for keeping people out of the hospital and for preventing hospitalised patients from progressing to the intensive care unit and even worse outcomes, said Mizgerd.

Mizgerd envisions a future in which clinicians can measure and report a persons lung immunity and pneumonia susceptibility status: Interventions could be developed to improve an individuals lung immunity in order to prevent pneumonia and lung immunity is manipulated, triggered or mimicked in pneumonia patients to accomplish a cure against drug-resistant organisms or microbes for which no drugs have yet been developed.

The study was published in Mucosal Immunology.

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Lung response to bacteria revealed by researchers - Drug Target Review

Mapping the pathway to gut health in HIV patients – Newswise

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AI123105; P51 OD011107; OD010956; OD010931-12; GM131457; PNAS

Newswise A UC Davis study found that the damaged gut lining (known as leaky gut) in monkeys infected with chronic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), an HIV-like virus, was rapidly repaired within five hours of receiving Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria.

The study, published today in the PNAS, linked chronically inflamed leaky gut to the loss of PPAR signaling (a nuclear receptor protein responsible for regulating cell metabolism) and subsequent damage to mitochondria - the cells power house.

The researchers found that L. plantarum activated PPAR signaling and revived mitochondrial flow, repairing the gut barrier in only five hours of exposure.

The outcome lends hope that leaky gut, a common condition among HIV patients, could be effectively treated in the future.

HIV and the damage to the gut lining

The gut, home to majority of the lymphoid tissue in the body, is an early target of HIV. The virus severely damages the immune and epithelial cells in the guts lining. This damage leads to an inflamed and leaky gut with weakened defense system and decreased nutrient absorption.

Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for HIV has been successful in limiting the damage to the bodys immune system. Yet, it has failed to consistently or completely repair the damage to the gut and its lining.

We wanted to map the pathways that lead to sustained damage in the gut and to identify ways to intervene and support its repair, said Katti Crakes, doctoral student in the schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine at UC Davis and first author on the study.

The researchers found that HIV attacks the guts epithelial cells by targeting and draining the mitochondria.

To reverse the damage caused by HIV and to increase the efficacy of ART, it is important to restore mitochondrial function and to rapidly repair the gut epithelium and immune defense, said Satya Dandekar, professor of microbiology and immunology at UC Davis School of Medicine and senior author.

Identifying cell signaling regulators for restoring the gut barrier

The bacteria present in the gut are known to play an important role in supporting and repairing the gut functioning. The study specifically tested the impact of L. plantarum bacteria on gut epithelial barrier of SIV infected rhesus macaques.

We challenged the capacity of L. plantarum bacteria and their metabolites to restore the gut functions in an extremely inflamed visibly disrupted gut environment, Dandekar said.

The researchers found that L. plantarum were able to survive and remain metabolically active in inflamed gut. The bacteria repaired the gut barrier by targeting and restoring the mitochondria in the intestinal epithelial cells damaged by SIV as well as HIV. These findings provide translational insights into restoring gut immunity and function, both of which are essential for successful HIV cure efforts.

In addition to Crakes and Dandekar, UC Davis researchers on this paper were Clarissa Santos Rocha, Irina Grishina, Lauren Hirao, Christopher Gaulke, Anne Fenton, Juan Arredondo and Sumathi Sankaran-Walters from the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; Eleonora Napoli, Sandipan Datta, Gino Cortopassi and Cecilia Giulivi from the Department of Molecular Biosciences in the School of Veterinary Medicine; and Maria Marco from the Department of Food Science and Technology.

This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant AI123105 and P51OD011107. Katti Crakes received the NIH pre-doctoral training grants OD010956, OD010931-12 and GM131457.

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Mapping the pathway to gut health in HIV patients - Newswise