The immune system represents a complex, interacting set of cells and molecules controlled by specific genes and their products. Immunology provides the basis for a whole range of problems relevant to other disciplines, including cell biology, structural biology, genetics, and medicine. Thus, the field of immunology crosses through and integrates multiple disciplines of biology and medicine.

The scope of immunology at the Sloan Kettering Instituteincorporates a range of areas and expertise (both basic and translational science). A strength of the Immunology Program is the ability to translate laboratory findings into effective clinical applications.

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Research in the Immunology Program focuses on several areas:

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Immunology Program | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

The Department of Immunology at UTSouthwestern Medical Center was founded in 1998 with six faculty members and a relatively small research facility. Today, weve grown to include:

Our Department is part of the Division of Basic Science of UTSouthwesterns Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.

At its core, our mission is two-fold: advance knowledge and understanding of disorders of the immune system, and train future generations of scientists. These dual functions make the Department of Immunology a key contributor in UTSouthwesterns promise of delivering the future of medicine, today.

Our primary research interests involve the characterization of animal models of human diseases and the delineation of molecular mechanisms mediating normal and abnormal immune functions. Learn more about some of the research currently underway in the Department of Immunology.

The Departments research programs are funded by a combination of endowments and external grant support.

Visit the labs of our faculty members to see their research.

The Department of Immunology trains graduate students and postdoctoral fellows and has new positions and opportunities available each year. Find out more about our broad-based program of graduate training in Immunology.

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Department of Immunology: UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), also referred to as psychoendoneuroimmunology (PENI) or psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology (PNEI), is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body.[1] PNI takes an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating psychology, neuroscience, immunology, physiology, genetics, pharmacology, molecular biology, psychiatry, behavioral medicine, infectious diseases, endocrinology, and rheumatology.

The main interests of PNI are the interactions between the nervous and immune systems and the relationships between mental processes and health. PNI studies, among other things, the physiological functioning of the neuroimmune system in health and disease; disorders of the neuroimmune system (autoimmune diseases; hypersensitivities; immune deficiency); and the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the neuroimmune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.

Interest in the relationship between psychiatric syndromes or symptoms and immune function has been a consistent theme since the beginning of modern medicine.

Claude Bernard, a French physiologist of the Musum national d'Histoire naturelle, formulated the concept of the milieu interieur in the mid-1800s. In 1865, Bernard described the perturbation of this internal state: "... there are protective functions of organic elements holding living materials in reserve and maintaining without interruption humidity, heat and other conditions indispensable to vital activity. Sickness and death are only a dislocation or perturbation of that mechanism" (Bernard, 1865). Walter Cannon, a professor of physiology at Harvard University coined the commonly used term, homeostasis, in his book The Wisdom of the Body, 1932, from the Greek word homoios, meaning similar, and stasis, meaning position. In his work with animals, Cannon observed that any change of emotional state in the beast, such as anxiety, distress, or rage, was accompanied by total cessation of movements of the stomach (Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage, 1915). These studies looked into the relationship between the effects of emotions and perceptions on the autonomic nervous system, namely the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses that initiated the recognition of the freeze, fight or flight response. His findings were published from time to time in professional journals, then summed up in book form in The Mechanical Factors of Digestion, published in 1911.

Hans Selye, a student of Johns Hopkins University and McGill University, and a researcher at Universit de Montral, experimented with animals by putting them under different physical and mental adverse conditions and noted that under these difficult conditions the body consistently adapted to heal and recover. Several years of experimentation that formed the empiric foundation of Selye's concept of the General Adaptation Syndrome. This syndrome consists of an enlargement of the adrenal gland, atrophy of the thymus, spleen, and other lymphoid tissue, and gastric ulcerations.

Selye describes three stages of adaptation, including an initial brief alarm reaction, followed by a prolonged period of resistance, and a terminal stage of exhaustion and death. This foundational work led to a rich line of research on the biological functioning of glucocorticoids.[2]

Mid-20th century studies of psychiatric patients reported immune alterations in psychotic individuals, including lower numbers of lymphocytes[3][4] and poorer antibody response to pertussis vaccination, compared with nonpsychiatric control subjects.[5] In 1964, George F. Solomon, from the University of California in Los Angeles, and his research team coined the term "psychoimmunology" and published a landmark paper: "Emotions, immunity, and disease: a speculative theoretical integration."[6]

In 1975, Robert Ader and Nicholas Cohen, at the University of Rochester, advanced PNI with their demonstration of classic conditioning of immune function, and they subsequently coined the term "psychoneuroimmunology".[7][8] Ader was investigating how long conditioned responses (in the sense of Pavlov's conditioning of dogs to drool when they heard a bell ring) might last in laboratory rats. To condition the rats, he used a combination[clarification needed] of saccharin-laced water (the conditioned stimulus) and the drug Cytoxan, which unconditionally induces nausea and taste aversion and suppression of immune function. Ader was surprised to discover that after conditioning, just feeding the rats saccharin-laced water was associated with the death of some animals and he proposed that they had been immunosuppressed after receiving the conditioned stimulus. Ader (a psychologist) and Cohen (an immunologist) directly tested this hypothesis by deliberately immunizing conditioned and unconditioned animals, exposing these and other control groups to the conditioned taste stimulus, and then measuring the amount of antibody produced. The highly reproducible results revealed that conditioned rats exposed to the conditioned stimulus were indeed immuno suppressed. In other words, a signal via the nervous system (taste) was affecting immune function. This was one of the first scientific experiments that demonstrated that the nervous system can affect the immune system.

In 1981, David L. Felten, then working at the Indiana University School of Medicine, discovered a network of nerves leading to blood vessels as well as cells of the immune system. The researcher, along with his team, also found nerves in the thymus and spleen terminating near clusters of lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells, all of which help control immune function. This discovery provided one of the first indications of how neuro-immune interaction occurs.

Ader, Cohen, and Felten went on to edit the groundbreaking book Psychoneuroimmunology in 1981, which laid out the underlying premise that the brain and immune system represent a single, integrated system of defense.

In 1985, research by neuropharmacologist Candace Pert, of the National Institutes of Health at Georgetown University, revealed that neuropeptide-specific receptors are present on the cell walls of both the brain and the immune system.[9][10] The discovery that neuropeptides and neurotransmitters act directly upon the immune system shows their close association with emotions and suggests mechanisms through which emotions, from the limbic system, and immunology are deeply interdependent. Showing that the immune and endocrine systems are modulated not only by the brain but also by the central nervous system itself affected the understanding of emotions, as well as disease.

Contemporary advances in psychiatry, immunology, neurology, and other integrated disciplines of medicine has fostered enormous growth for PNI. The mechanisms underlying behaviorally induced alterations of immune function, and immune alterations inducing behavioral changes, are likely to have clinical and therapeutic implications that will not be fully appreciated until more is known about the extent of these interrelationships in normal and pathophysiological states.

PNI research is looking for the exact mechanisms by which specific brainimmunity effects are achieved. Evidence for nervous systemimmune system interactions exists at several biological levels.

The immune system and the brain talk to each other through signaling pathways. The brain and the immune system are the two major adaptive systems of the body. Two major pathways are involved in this cross-talk: the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The activation of SNS during an immune response might be aimed to localize the inflammatory response.

The body's primary stress management system is the HPA axis. The HPA axis responds to physical and mental challenge to maintain homeostasis in part by controlling the body's cortisol level. Dysregulation of the HPA axis is implicated in numerous stress-related diseases, with evidence from meta-analyses indicating that different types/duration of stressors and unique personal variables can shape the HPA response.[11] HPA axis activity and cytokines are intrinsically intertwined: inflammatory cytokines stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol secretion, while, in turn, glucocorticoids suppress the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines.

Molecules called pro-inflammatory cytokines, which include interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interferon-gamma (IFN-Gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) can affect brain growth as well as neuronal function. Circulating immune cells such as macrophages, as well as glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) secrete these molecules. Cytokine regulation of hypothalamic function is an active area of research for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders.[12]

Cytokines mediate and control immune and inflammatory responses. Complex interactions exist between cytokines, inflammation and the adaptive responses in maintaining homeostasis. Like the stress response, the inflammatory reaction is crucial for survival. Systemic inflammatory reaction results in stimulation of four major programs:[13]

These are mediated by the HPA axis and the SNS. Common human diseases such as allergy, autoimmunity, chronic infections and sepsis are characterized by a dysregulation of the pro-inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory and T helper (Th1) versus (Th2) cytokine balance.

Recent studies show pro-inflammatory cytokine processes take place during depression, mania and bipolar disease, in addition to autoimmune hypersensitivity and chronic infections.

Chronic secretion of stress hormones, glucocorticoids (GCs) and catecholamines (CAs), as a result of disease, may reduce the effect of neurotransmitters, including serotonin[medical citation needed], norepinephrine and dopamine, or other receptors in the brain, thereby leading to the dysregulation of neurohormones. Under stimulation, norepinephrine is released from the sympathetic nerve terminals in organs, and the target immune cells express adrenoreceptors. Through stimulation of these receptors, locally released norepinephrine, or circulating catecholamines such as epinephrine, affect lymphocyte traffic, circulation, and proliferation, and modulate cytokine production and the functional activity of different lymphoid cells.

Glucocorticoids also inhibit the further secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and ACTH from the pituitary (negative feedback). Under certain conditions stress hormones may facilitate inflammation through induction of signaling pathways and through activation of the Corticotropin-releasing hormone.

These abnormalities and the failure of the adaptive systems to resolve inflammation affect the well-being of the individual, including behavioral parameters, quality of life and sleep, as well as indices of metabolic and cardiovascular health, developing into a "systemic anti-inflammatory feedback" and/or "hyperactivity" of the local pro-inflammatory factors which may contribute to the pathogenesis of disease.

This systemic or neuro-inflammation and neuroimmune activation have been shown to play a role in the etiology of a variety of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, pain, and AIDS-associated dementia. However, cytokines and chemokines also modulate central nervous system (CNS) function in the absence of overt immunological, physiological, or psychological challenges.[14]

There is now sufficient data to conclude that immune modulation by psychosocial stressors and/or interventions can lead to actual health changes. Although changes related to infectious disease and wound healing have provided the strongest evidence to date, the clinical importance of immunological dysregulation is highlighted by increased risks across diverse conditions and diseases. For example, stressors can produce profound health consequences. In one epidemiological study, all-cause mortality increased in the month following a severe stressor the death of a spouse.[15] Theorists propose that stressful events trigger cognitive and affective responses which, in turn, induce sympathetic nervous system and endocrine changes, and these ultimately impair immune function.[16][17] Potential health consequences are broad, but include rates of infection[18][19] HIV progression[20][21] cancer incidence and progression,[15][22][23] and high rates of infant mortality.[24][25]

Stress is thought to affect immune function through emotional and/or behavioral manifestations such as anxiety, fear, tension, anger and sadness and physiological changes such as heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating. Researchers have suggested that these changes are beneficial if they are of limited duration,[16] but when stress is chronic, the system is unable to maintain equilibrium or homeostasis.

In one of the earlier PNI studies, which was published in 1960, subjects were led to believe that they had accidentally caused serious injury to a companion through misuse of explosives.[26] Since then decades of research resulted in two large meta-analyses, which showed consistent immune dysregulation in healthy people who are experiencing stress.

In the first meta-analysis by Herbert and Cohen in 1993,[27] they examined 38 studies of stressful events and immune function in healthy adults. They included studies of acute laboratory stressors (e.g. a speech task), short-term naturalistic stressors (e.g. medical examinations), and long-term naturalistic stressors (e.g. divorce, bereavement, caregiving, unemployment). They found consistent stress-related increases in numbers of total white blood cells, as well as decreases in the numbers of helper T cells, suppressor T cells, and cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and Natural killer cells (NK). They also reported stress-related decreases in NK and T cell function, and T cell proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin [PHA] and concanavalin A [Con A]. These effects were consistent for short-term and long-term naturalistic stressors, but not laboratory stressors.

In the second meta-analysis by Zorrilla et al. in 2001,[28] they replicated Herbert and Cohen's meta-analysis. Using the same study selection procedures, they analyzed 75 studies of stressors and human immunity. Naturalistic stressors were associated with increases in number of circulating neutrophils, decreases in number and percentages of total T cells and helper T cells, and decreases in percentages of Natural killer cell (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cell lymphocytes. They also replicated Herbert and Cohen's finding of stress-related decreases in NKCC and T cell mitogen proliferation to Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and Concanavalin A (Con A).

More recently, there has been increasing interest in the links between interpersonal stressors and immune function. For example, marital conflict, loneliness, caring for a person with a chronic medical condition, and other forms on interpersonal stress dysregulate immune function.[29]

Release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus is influenced by stress.

Furthermore, stressors that enhance the release of CRH suppress the function of the immune system; conversely, stressors that depress CRH release potentiate immunity.

Glutamate agonists, cytokine inhibitors, vanilloid-receptor agonists, catecholamine modulators, ion-channel blockers, anticonvulsants, GABA agonists (including opioids and cannabinoids), COX inhibitors, acetylcholine modulators, melatonin analogs (such as Ramelton), adenosine receptor antagonists and several miscellaneous drugs (including biologics like Passiflora edulis) are being studied for their psychoneuroimmunological effects.

For example, SSRIs, SNRIs and tricyclic antidepressants acting on serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine receptors have been shown to be immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory against pro-inflammatory cytokine processes, specifically on the regulation of IFN-gamma and IL-10, as well as TNF-alpha and IL-6 through a psychoneuroimmunological process.[32][33][34] Antidepressants have also been shown to suppress TH1 upregulation.[32][33][34][35][36]

Tricyclic and dual serotonergic-noradrenergic reuptake inhibition by SNRIs (or SSRI-NRI combinations), have also shown analgesic properties additionally.[37][38] According to recent evidences antidepressants also seem to exert beneficial effects in experimental autoimmune neuritis in rats by decreasing Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) release or augmenting NK activity in depressed patients.[12]

These studies warrant investigation for antidepressants for use in both psychiatric and non-psychiatric illness and that a psychoneuroimmunological approach may be required for optimal pharmacotherapy in many diseases.[39] Future antidepressants may be made to specifically target the immune system by either blocking the actions of pro-inflammatory cytokines or increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines.[40]

Extrapolating from the observations that positive emotional experiences boost the immune system, Roberts speculates that intensely positive emotional experiences sometimes brought about during mystical experiences occasioned by psychedelic medicinesmay boost the immune system powerfully. Research on salivary IgA supports this hypothesis, but experimental testing has not been done.[41]

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Psychoneuroimmunology - Wikipedia

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British Society for Immunology | Celebrating the first 60 years

The Department of Microbiology and Immunology provides a stimulating environment for faculty scientists and trainees who will play a leadership role in academic, government and industrial research and in international health organizations.

Advances in molecular and cell biology and genetics have opened new approaches to the basic and applied aspects of infectious diseases and host defenses. We are applying these approaches to basic aspects of receptor signaling, regulation of gene expression in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and interactions between these cells, genetic manipulation of cellular functions, microbial genomics and evolution, and development of new vaccination strategies. The techniques of functional genomics, gene delivery, stem cells and transgenic/gene disruption animal models are being developed to address specific questions.

TheGraduate Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunologyprovides interactive, multi-departmental graduate education and research training. Our graduates receive comprehensive education in molecular and cell biology, microbiology and immunology and in-depth training in their chosen area of research.

Our Ph.D. and M.D./Ph.D. students train in the laboratories of participating faculty in theInstitute for Genome Sciences,Center for Vaccine Development,Institute of Human Virology,Department of Microbial Pathogenesisin the Dental School, theUniversity of Maryland Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, theProgram in the Biology of Model Systems; and the Departments ofMedicine,SurgeryandPediatrics.

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Cancer immunology is a branch of immunology that studies interactions between the immune system and cancer cells (also called tumors or malignancies). It is a field of research that aims to discover cancer immunotherapies to treat and retard progression of the disease. The immune response, including the recognition of cancer-specific antigens, forms the basis of targeted therapy (such as vaccines and antibody therapies) and tumor marker-based diagnostic tests.[1][2] For instance tumour infiltrating lymphocytes are significant in human colorectal cancer.[3] The host was given a better chance at survival if the cancer tissue showed infiltration of inflammatory cells, in particular those prompting lymphocytic reactions. The results yielded suggest some extent of anti-tumour immunity is present in colorectal cancers in humans.

Cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting is based on (i) protection against development of spontaneous and chemically induced tumors in animal systems and (ii) identification of targets for immune recognition of human cancer.[4]

Cancer immunosurveillance is a theory formulated in 1957 by Burnet and Thomas, who proposed that lymphocytes act as sentinels in recognizing and eliminating continuously arising, nascent transformed cells.[4][5] Cancer immunosurveillance appears to be an important host protection process that decreases cancer rates through inhibition of carcinogenesis and maintaining of regular cellular homeostasis.[6] It has also been suggested that immunosurveillance primarily functions as a component of a more general process of cancer immunoediting.[4]

Immunoediting is a process by which a person is protected from cancer growth and the development of tumour immunogenicity by their immune system. It has three main phases: elimination, equilibrium and escape.[7] The elimination phase consists of the following four phases:

The first phase of elimination involves the initiation of an antitumor immune response. Cells of the innate immune system recognize the presence of a growing tumor which has undergone stromal remodeling, causing local tissue damage. This is followed by the induction of inflammatory signals which is essential for recruiting cells of the innate immune system (e.g. natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells) to the tumor site. During this phase, the infiltrating lymphocytes such as the natural killer cells and natural killer T cells are stimulated to produce IFN-gamma.

In the second phase of elimination, newly synthesized IFN-gamma induces tumor death (to a limited amount) as well as promoting the production of chemokines CXCL10, CXCL9 and CXCL11. These chemokines play an important role in promoting tumor death by blocking the formation of new blood vessels. Tumor cell debris produced as a result of tumor death is then ingested by dendritic cells, followed by the migration of these dendritic cells to the draining lymph nodes. The recruitment of more immune cells also occurs and is mediated by the chemokines produced during the inflammatory process.

In the third phase, natural killer cells and macrophages transactivate one another via the reciprocal production of IFN-gamma and IL-12. This again promotes more tumor killing by these cells via apoptosis and the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. In the draining lymph nodes, tumor-specific dendritic cells trigger the differentiation of Th1 cells which in turn facilitates the development of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells also known as killer T-cells.

In the final phase of elimination, tumor-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells home to the tumor site and the cytotoxic T lymphocytes then destroy the antigen-bearing tumor cells which remain at the site.

Tumor cell variants which have survived the elimination phase enter the equilibrium phase. In this phase, lymphocytes and IFN-gamma exert a selection pressure on tumor cells which are genetically unstable and rapidly mutating. Tumor cell variants which have acquired resistance to elimination then enter the escape phase. In this phase, tumor cells continue to grow and expand in an uncontrolled manner and may eventually lead to malignancies. In the study of cancer immunoediting, knockout mice have been used for experimentation since human testing is not possible.[4]Tumor infiltration by lymphocytes is seen as a reflection of a tumor-related immune response.[8]

Obeid et al.[9] investigated how inducing immunogenic cancer cell death ought to become a priority of cancer chemotherapy. He reasoned, the immune system would be able to play a factor via a bystander effect in eradicating chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells.[10][11][12] However, extensive research is still needed on how the immune response is triggered against dying tumour cells.[13]

Professionals in the field have hypothesized that apoptotic cell death is poorly immunogenic whereas necrotic cell death is truly immunogenic.[14][15][16] This is perhaps because cancer cells being eradicated via a necrotic cell death pathway induce an immune response by triggering dendritic cells to mature, due to inflammatory response stimulation.[17][18] On the other hand, apoptosis is connected to slight alterations within the plasma membrane causing the dying cells to be attractive to phagocytic cells.[19] However, numerous animal studies have shown the superiority of vaccination with apoptotic cells, compared to necrotic cells, in eliciting anti-tumor immune responses.[20][21][22][23][24]

Thus Obeid et al.[9] propose that the way in which cancer cells die during chemotherapy is vital. Anthracyclins produce a beneficial immunogenic environment. The researchers report that when killing cancer cells with this agent uptake and presentation by antigen presenting dendritic cells is encouraged, thus allowing a T-cell response which can shrink tumours. Therefore activating tumour-killing T-cells is crucial for immunotherapy success.[25]

However, advanced cancer patients with immunosuppression have left researchers in a dilemma as to how to activate their T-cells. The way the host dendritic cells react and uptake tumour antigens to present to CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells is the key to success of the treatment.[26]

Various strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been found to play an important role in the development of cervical cancer. The HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 that these viruses possess have been shown to immortalise some human cells and thus promote cancer development.[27] Although these strains of HPV have not been found in all cervical cancers, they have been found to be the cause in roughly 70% of cases. The study of these viruses and their role in the development of various cancers is still continuing, however a vaccine has been developed that can prevent infection of certain HPV strains, and thus prevent those HPV strains from causing cervical cancer, and possibly other cancers as well.

A virus that has been shown to cause breast cancer in mice is mouse mammary tumor virus.[28][29] It is from discoveries such as this and the role of HPV in cervical cancer development that research is currently being undertaken to discover whether or not human mammary tumour virus is a cause of breast cancer in humans.[30][clarification needed]

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Cancer immunology - Wikipedia

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Immunology is a branch of biomedical science which deals with an organisms response towards an invading environmental factor. This process involves a complex interplay of invading particle and defence system of the host organism along with successive cascading molecular mechanism to eliminate the invading agent.

This peer reviewed journal includesclinical and cellular Immunologicalaspects such asSystemic Lupus Erythmatosus,Cancer Immunology, Tumor Biology,Macrophage Polarization,Transplantation Immunology, Innate Immunology, Adaptive Immunity, Cellular & Molecular Immunology, Vaccine Development,Signal Transduction, Innate Immunity, Cancer Immunotherapy,Inflammatory Disorders, Medical Immunology,Diagnostic Immunology, Clinical Immunology, HIV Immunology,Allergy & Immunology,Immunomodulation,Multiple Sclerosis, Neuroinflammatory Diseases, Clinical & Vaccine Immunology, Clinical Experimental Immunology, T-cell Immunologyetc.

This Science Journal publishes research articles, reviews, case studies, commentaries, short communications, and letters to the editor on various aspects of Cellular and Clinical Immunology making them freely available worldwide.To attain high impact factor, quality articles are expected from all over the world for this open access and peer reviewed front running journal.

Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology is using Editorial Manager System for quality in review process. Editorial Manager is an online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems used by most of the best open access journals. Review processing is performed by the editorial board members of Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology or outside experts; at least two independent reviewers approval followed by editor's approval is required for acceptance of any citable manuscript. Annual reviews of Immunology Journal is also shared with authors.

Authors are requested to submit manuscripts at http://www.editorialmanager.com/clinicalgroup/ or send as an e-mail attachment to the Editorial Office at clinimmunology@immunologyjournals.com; cjm.eic.jcci@omicsonline.org

OMICS International organizes 1000+ conferences every year across USA, Europe & Asia with support from 1000 more scientific societies and publishes 700+ open access journals which contains over 50000 eminent personalities, reputed scientists as editorial board members.

Clinical immunology is the branch of Immunology that deals with studies of diseases caused due to immune system disorders. Clinical Immunology falls into two categories Immunodeficiency and Autoimmunity. Immunodeficiency is a category in which adequate response is not provided by the immune system. Whereas in Autoimmunity the immune system attacks its own host body. Related Journals of Clinical Immunology

Immunology Journals: Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination, Rheumatology: Current Research, Immunome Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Autoimmunity Journal, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Autoimmunity Reviews, Clinical Immunology, Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Current Opinion in Immunology, Journal of Asthma.

Cellular immunology deals with activities of cells in experimental or clinical situations. It is the interactions among cells and molecules of the immune system that contribute to the recognition and elimination of pathogens.

Related Journals of Cellular Immunology

Open Access Immunology Journals: Immunome Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination, Rheumatology: Current Research, Cellular Immunology, Central-European Journal of Immunology, Chinese Journal of Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical and Developmental Immunology, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.

Translational immunology is the process the use immunological discoveries to develop practical solutions for human problems. Examples include the development of vaccines or the engineering of new types of drugs to treat disorders.

Related Journals of Translational Immunology Immunology Journals List: Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, Immunome Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, International Immunology, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Advances in Immunology, Cellular Immunology, Critical Reviews in Immunology.

Transplantation Immunology deals with monitoring Immune responses provided by the body for transplantation to prevent rejection of transplanted tissue or organ.

Related Journals of Transplantation Immunology

Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, Immunome Research, Rheumatology: Current Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Clinical Transplantation, Xenotransplantation, Annals of Transplantation, Cellular Therapy and Transplantation, Progress in Transplantation.

Neuroinflammatory disorder is the study of conditions where immune responses which damage components of the nervous system. It includes many neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease and Multiple Sclerosis. It is also associated with aging and Traumatic brain injury.

Related Journals of Neuroinflammatory Disorders

Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination, Rheumatology: Current Research, Immunome Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Journal of Neuroinflammation, Multiple Sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, Alzheimer's Research and Therapy, Parkinsonism and Related Disorders.

Tumour immunology is the study of interactions between the immune system and tumour cells. It aims to discover innovative cancer immunotherapies to treat and retard progression of the disease.

Related Journals of Tumor Immunology

Immunome Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination, Rheumatology: Current Research, Tumor Biology, Brain Tumor Pathology, Immunology Reviews, Tumor Targeting, Journal of Tumor Marker Oncology, Nature Immunology, Tumor Diagnostik und Therapie, Cancer Case Presentations: The Tumor Board.

Vaccine Immunology deals with preparation of vaccine based on immune response of the body. Vaccine can be antigenic substance prepared from the causative agent of a disease or a synthetic substitute to provide immunity against that disease.

Related Journals of Vaccine Immunology

Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, Immunome Research, Rheumatology: Current Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, Paediatric Food Allrgy, Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Paediatric Immunology, Journal of Immune Based Therapies and Vaccines, Paediatric Allergy & Immunology, Vaccine & immunization news : the newsletter of the Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization.

Adaptive immunity is an important part of the immune system. It is protection from an infectious disease agent that is mediated by B- and T- lymphocytes following exposure to specific antigen, and characterized by immunological memory.

Related Journals of Adaptive Immunity

Immunome Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination, Rheumatology: Current Research, Genes and Immunity, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, Immunity and Ageing, Autoimmunity Highlights, Open Autoimmunity Journal.

Inflammatory abnormalities results in the body own immune system attacking the cells or tissues and may cause inflammation, which results in chronic pain, redness, swelling, stiffness, and damage to normal tissues.

Related Journals of Inflammatory Disorders

Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, Immunome Research, Rheumatology: Current Research, Journal of Allergy & Immunology, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Inflammation and Allergy - Drug Targets, Journal of Inflammation Research, Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection, European Journal of Inflammation, Journal of Inflammation.

Ocular Immunology is the understanding of the immune response towards various allergies, inflammation and infections of ocular tissue including retina and uveitis.

Related Journals of Ocular Immunology and inflammation

Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination, Rheumatology: Current Research, Immunome Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, Journal of Ocular Biology, Diseases, and Informatics, Clinica Oculistica e Patologia Oculare.

It is the scientific study of infections caused by different microorganism which can lead to discovery of potent anti-microbial drug and other antibiotics.

Related Journals of Microbial Immunology

Immunome Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination, Rheumatology: Current Research, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Asthma Journal, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Trends in Microbiology, Current Opinion in Microbiology, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

Immunodiagnostics is a diagnostic method that relies on antigen-antibody reaction for detection of the disease. Immunologic methods are used as tools in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases and immune-mediated diseases. They have high specificity and sensitivity which all depends on the value of antibody detection.

Related Journals of Diagnostic Immunology

Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, Immunome Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Supplement, Journal of Immunology Research, Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Clinical and Applied Immunology Reviews.

viral immunology is the study of viral infections and immune responses towards viral infections which can cause deleterious effect on the functions of the cells. It includes both DNA and RNA viral infections.

Related Journals of Viral Immunology

Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, Immunome Research, Rheumatology: Current Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Viral Immunology, International Immunology, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, Medical Microbiology and Immunology.

Immunotherapy is a form of preventive and anti-inflammatory treatment of allergy. It also deals with the study of identification of allergen and inflammatory mediators involved in allergic reaction and its treatment.

Related Journals of Allergy Immunology

Immunome Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination, Rheumatology: Current Research, Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

Evolutionary immunology is the study of the evolution of immunity and the immune system over ages. It includes the study and historical development of the ability to recognize foreign antigenic material.

Related Journals of Evolutionary Immunology

Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, Immunome Research, Rheumatology: Current Research, Journal of Allergy & Therapy, Trends in Immunology, Transplant Immunology, European Journal of Immunology, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Advances in Immunology.

Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology is supporting 4th International Conference and Exhibition on Clinical & Cellular Immunology which is going to be held during September 28-30, 2015, at Houston, USA. The theme of the conference is From Basic Immune Understanding to Clinical Breakthroughs.

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Immunology Journals | Peer Reviewed | High Impact Articles list

Parasitology Conferences|Immunology Meetings|ImmunologyConferences: Conferencesseries invites all the participants from all over the world to attend'4th International Conference on Parasitology' during September 01-02, 2017 in Prague, Czech Republic which includes prompt keynote presentations, Oral talks, Poster presentations and Exhibitions. With members from around the world focused on learning about parasitology and its advances; this is your best opportunity to reach the largest assemblage of participants from the parasitology community. Conduct presentations, distribute information, meet with current and potential scientists, make a splash with new drug developments, and receive name recognition at this 2-days event. World-renowned speakers, the most recent techniques, developments, and the newest updates in Parasitology are hallmarks of this conference.

Conference Highlights:Parasitology,Medical Parasitology,Parasite Treatments,Skin Parasites,Parasitic Worms,Stool Parasites,Advances in Parasite Medications,Eye Parasites,Brain Parasites,Blood Parasites,Parasite Remedies,Fish Parasitic Diseases,Water Parasites,Veterinary Parasitology,Experimental Immunoparasitology,Structural and Molecular Parasitology,Vector-Borne Viral Diseases,Tropical Medicine Parasitology,Pathogenesis and Immunity,Malaria Research,Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens in Tropical Veterinary Medicine,Approaches: Parasitic Disease Control.

Related Conferences:3rd World Conference on Parasitology, July 12-14, 2017, Chicago, USA, International Conference on Infection Control, September 25-26, 2017, Chicago, USA, 8thMolecular Immunology & Immunogenetics Congress, March 20-21, 2017 Rome, Italy, 9th World Conference & Expo on Immunology, November 02-03, 2017, Atlanta, USA, 8th European Immunology Conference, June 29-July 01, 2017, Madrid, Spain, 5thWorld Congress on Infectious Diseases, August 21-23, 2017 San Francisco, California, USA, 10th World Congress on Healthcare & Technologies, July 17-18, 2017 Lisbon, Portugal.

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Immunology Conferences | Global Events | Meetings | USA ...

The Science of Immunology

The science of Immunology encompasses the study of the development, anatomy functions and malfunctions of the immune system, all of which are of fundamental importance to the understanding of human disease. The immune system is made up of many types of molecules and cells that are distributed in every tissue of the body, as well as specialized lymphoid organs, which act in a coordinated manner to prevent or eliminate microbial infections, to suppress the growth of tumors, and to initiate repair of damaged tissues. The immune system normally recognizes and responds to foreign molecules or damaged self, but not healthy host cells and tissues. The innate immune system maintains barriers to microbial invasion and provides critical biochemical and cellular first responders to infections that are absolutely essential for survival in a world teeming with microbes. Innate immune recognition initiates stereotypical inflammatory or anti-viral responses to a limited number of molecular patterns that are shared by different pathogens or expressed by injured or infected host cells. The more highly evolved adaptive immune system relies on collections of millions of clones of B and T lymphocytes to provide protection for the host, each clone capable of recognizing a distinct molecule. Furthermore, B and T lymphocytes are capable of differentiating into several different types of effector cells that perform distinct functions, and into long-lived memory cells that prevent or minimize repeat infections by a microbe.

Many diseases occur when there are fundamental defects in the immune system, or when the normal immune system is challenged in ways that evoke responses that damage rather than protect host cells and tissues. These diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality in every human population worldwide. Immunodeficiency diseases are manifest by increased risk of infections and tumors, and are caused by gene mutations, malnutrition, certain viruses such as HIV, or by treatments for cancer. Immune responses that are inappropriately targeted against self-molecules result in autoimmunity, which is manifest by diverse clinical problems related to the tissues or organs involved. Autoimmune diseases are caused by a combination of inherited genes and environmental factors that result in a failure of the mechanisms of self-tolerance and immune regulation. Excessive or chronic immune responses to infections are often the cause of disease related to certain microbes that are not cytopathic by themselves. Similarly, immune responses to otherwise nonpathogenic environmental antigens are the basis for allergic diseases. As the science of Immunology has progressed, it has become clear that immune responses are key to the development of many common disorders not traditionally viewed as immunologic in nature, including metabolic, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and neoplastic diseases.

Harvard investigators have historically made many major contributions to the field of Immunology (see History of Immunology at Harvard). Current research activities at Harvard Medical School and affiliated institutions promise to bring more important discoveries and development of new therapies. Some examples of these activities include:

Browse People and Labs to find out more about the current scope of Harvard Immunology research.

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What is immunology? | Harvard Immunology

Departmental Focus

Immunology is the study of the immune system, the body's defense against infectious disease. In this complex system a defect in a single gene or the control of a single cell can have an enormous effect on the health of the individual. In this way, the immune system and cancer are similar. The Department of Immunology at St. Jude studies the biology of the system whose cells are a major source of childhood cancers, and by understanding these cells and how they are controlled, we gain new insights into such cancers.

Department of Immunology MS 351, Room E7050 St. Jude Children's Research Hospital 262 Danny Thomas Place Memphis, TN 38105-3678

Email: douglas.green@stjude.org Phone: (901) 595-3488 Fax: (901) 595-5766

Preferred contact method: email

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Immunology - St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital