Category Archives: Physiology

Physiology

New NSF-funded institute will probe biology in the absence of water – Carnegie Institution for Science

Palo Alto, CA Water is inextricably linked to our understanding of lifeit makes up most of our planets surface and organisms across the tree of life depend on it to function. Yet the ability to survive extremely dry conditions for long periods is crucial to the life cycles of many speciesincluding in plants, which can reproduce from desiccated pollen grains and grow from dried-out seeds.

There are some desert plants and micro-animals, like tardigrades, which can lose up to 90 percent of their water and resume normal biological function within hours of being rehydrated. We want to know how they do it, said Carnegies Sue Rhee, who was just awarded a $12.5 million grant from the National Science Foundation to create a cross-disciplinary institute that will investigate this question.

Understanding the molecular, cellular, and physiological mechanisms by which they accomplish this incredible hardiness could inform strategies for surviving climate change with minimal impact to the food supply and help identify conditions that could support life on other planets.

Called the Water and Life Interface Institute, or WALII (pronounced as wally), this new Carnegie-led initiative involving scientists from nine institutions will examine the interface of water and life among plants, animals, and fungi across four key areas:

Institute scientists will hail from a wide range of fields including molecular biophysics, computer science, genomics, and cellular and evolutionary biology, as well as plant biologists with expertise in seed physiology. Senior scientists, early career researchers, and both graduate and undergraduate students will comprise the team with a goal of producing a new generation of scientific leadership.

In addition to Carnegie, scientists from California State University Channel Islands, University of California Merced, the USDA Agricultural Research Service National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Michigan State University, Washington University in St. Louis, the University of Wyoming, and the Baylor College of Medicine are already committed to joining the institute.

WALII will prioritize inclusion of individuals from a diversity of backgrounds, which will bring an array of perspectives to the table and enhance our ability to undertake creative problem solving and tackle big questions from novel angles, Rhee said.

The initiative will also spearhead outreach and education activities to raise awareness of drought, water quality impairments, and climate change. Carnegie and University of Wyoming colleagues have already completed a pilot program teaching San Francisco-area children about tardigrades, which are among the most resilient animals in the world.

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New NSF-funded institute will probe biology in the absence of water - Carnegie Institution for Science

Physiology

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) as a Predictor of Severity of Sepsis in Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit: A Cross-Sectional Study From North India -…

Background: Sepsis is a common clinical syndrome in critical patients in the medical intensive care unit. Many scoringsystems and biomarkers are introduced to detect unfavorable outcomes in sepsis patients. This study aims to identify pentraxin 3 (PTX3) as a predictor of sepsis in patients who are critically ill and admitted to intensive care units.

Materials and methods: This prospective observational survey purposively included 100 patients with sepsis identified by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines in the medical intensive care unit at one of the apex care centers in North India. Socio-demographic and clinical profiles were collected using a structured and validated checklist. Simple and multi-linear regression analyses were used to determine PTX3 as a predictor of sepsis.

Results: A total of 100 patients were prospectively observed. Among them, 61% were males, and 39% were females, with a mean age of 50.78 (13.53) years. From nine potential predictors, lactate (95% CI: 1.048-1.890, B: 1.469, p < 0.001), procalcitonin (95% CI: 0.136-0.270, B: 0.203, p < 0.001), andSOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) scores (95% CI: 0.112-0.450, B: 0.281, p = 0.001) significantly predictthe changes in PTX3 level (R-square: 0.842, adjusted R-square:0.826) in patients.

Conclusions: PTX3was found to correlate with the severity of sepsis as SOFA scoreand other markers like lactate, procalcitonin, and APACHE-II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) score.

Sepsis is one of the most common clinical syndromes caused by systemic infection and often leads to a lethal outcome in critically ill patients. The Global Sepsis Alliance recommendation defined sepsis as a condition of life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the dysregulated host response to infection. It has been a significant cause of intensive care unit admission worldwide.Sepsis results from the complicated interactions between the host immune system and infecting viruses and bacteria [1]. The mortality associated with sepsis is significant around the globe and is more than breast and lung cancer altogether. Furthermore, a lack of specific treatment for sepsis results in higher incidence and many complications, including septic shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and death. Multiorgan dysfunction and septic shock are the most common cause of mortality in patients with sepsis [2].

Further, diagnosing sepsis remains a significant challenge for health professionals considering concurrent organ support, organ dysfunction, treatment before admission, and lack of a "gold standard" diagnostic test. Over the advancement in medical sciences, many scoring systems were introduced as a surrogate for organ dysfunction risk prediction for patients with proven or suspected infection, including SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) and APACHE-II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II), to determine the degree of organ dysfunction and severity of disease in chronically ill patients [3-5]. Likewise, many biomarkers have been proposed for risk prediction in severely ill patients. Procalcitonin (PCT) [6], serum lactate [7], and cytokines are studied in patients with sepsis and shock. The inflammatory process in the body leads cytokines to produce higher PCT from the liver and mononuclear cells and subsequently increases the level in the body [8].

Higher levels of plasma lactate have been considered an essential indicator of hemodynamic stability. Breakthrough work has been conducted on the role of serum lactate on the survival of critically ill patients, reflecting a higher level of lactate decreases survival. Earlier research on hemodynamically stable patients reported a higher lactate level in non-survivors of emergencies. A higher lactate level is common among chronically ill patients and is recommended as a reliable marker of illness severity and death [9,10].

Pentraxin 3(PTX3) isan acute-phase protein that represents the subfamily of long pentraxin [11]. Ithas been found to have a strong association with the severity of infection and inflammation. The inflammatory process initiates the secretion of PTX3 in monocytes, endothelial cells, and dendritic or neutrophils [12].

Numerous studies done to date have noticed that PTX3 has an excellent diagnostic value in sepsis. PTX3 as a biomarker of sepsis, and its diagnostic utility in northern Indian tertiary care setup, would help us evaluate the future scope in patients with sepsis. A crunch of studies, none to the best of our knowledge, in the Indian subcontinent further emphasizes the need to assess the diagnostic utility of PTX3 inpatients with sepsis. Therefore, we decided to conduct a survey to correlate serum PTX3 levels with the severity of sepsis.

This is a cross-sectional studyconducted over 18 months at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh, a tertiary healthcare center in Uttarakhand, India.

The minimum sample size required for the study was estimated by using Fishers transformation formula, which came out to be 95. However, the authors decided to enroll 100 patients consecutively at the in-patient department of general medicine. The patients fulfilling the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines and willing to write consent were included till the sample size was achieved. Patients who were on steroid therapy, diagnosed with immunodeficiency disorders, pregnant, and diagnosed with tuberculosis and acute coronary artery disease were excluded from the study (Figure 1).

Socio-demographic details and baseline investigations were recorded using a structured and validated checklist. SOFA score and APACHE-II scores were calculated. PCT was measured by chemiluminescence on the Advia Centaur instrument (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany), and lactate was measured by arterial blood sample using a blood gas analyzer (ABL800, Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark). Blood samples were collected into plain and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) vials. All the blood samples were subjected to centrifugation at 2500g for 10 minutes at 4C within 30 minutes of blood sampling.Plasma and serum got separated and aliquoted. The aliquoted samples were collected and stored until analysis at -80C. Pentraxin was analyzed by Sandwich ELISA (ImmunoTag, St. Louis, MO) following the manufacturers instruction after obtaining a satisfactory standard curve.

The Institutional Ethics Committee of All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh (AIIM/IEC) approved the project (AIIMS/IEC/20/575). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before enrolling in the study. Participants were ensured to protect privacy and confidentiality at each stage of research.

Data were transferred to a Microsoft Excel sheet (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) and analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Frequency, percentage, means, and standard deviation(SD) were used to describe the patients characteristics. Categorical variables were represented as proportions. Continuous or discrete variables were reported using means and SD. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to find the correlation between PTX3 and other continuous variables considering the non-normal distribution of the variables. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the distribution of mean PTX3 levels with genders. Simple andmultivariate regression analyses were done to find out whether PTX3 is a predictor of sepsis level. All test statistics were measured at p < 0.05 level (two-tailed).

A total of 100 participants were included in the study; among them, 61.0% were males and 39% were females. The mean age of the patients was 50.78 (SD = 13.53) years. Of the participants, 63% had one or more comorbidities, 21% had only diabetes mellitus, 21% had only hypertension, and 21% had both hypertension and diabetes mellitus (Appendix A). The mean SOFA score was 8.94 (SD = 2.86), the mean APACHE-II score was 14.48 (SD = 5.05), and the mean PXT3 value was 5.24 (SD = 3.38) ng/ml. Further, the PXT3 level did not show any significant difference with comorbidity status (p = 0.134) (Appendix B). Similarly, results show no significant difference in PXT3 levels among males and females (U = 982, p = 0.142). Serum lactate (r = 0.661, p < 0.001) and PCT (r = 0.663, p < 0.001) reported significant association with SOFA scores (Table 1).

Considering the non-normal distribution of PXT3 among patients, Spearmans rho test was applied to find an association with the SOFA scores. The findings show a significant positive correlation of PXT3 with the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), lactate, PCT, and blood urea. Further, the PXT3 level reported a significant positive relationship with the SOFA score (r = 0.722) and APACHE-II scores (r = 0.393) (Table 2).

Simple linear regression analysis depicted that out of nine potential variables, seven variables, includingFiO2 (p < 001), partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) (p = 0.004), PCO2 (p = 0.034), PCT(p < 0.001, R-square, 0.657), lactate (R-square, 0.635), SOFA (p < 0.001, R-square 0.610), and APACHE-II(p < 0.001), highly predicted the change in PXT3 (Table 3 and Figure 2).

Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to combine the cumulative effect of significant variables of simple linear regression. Findings reported that lactate (95% CI: 1.048-1.890, B: 1.469, p <0.001), PCT (95% CI: 0.136-0.270, B: 0.203, p < 0.001), and SOFA score (95% CI: 0.112-0.450, B: 0.281, p = 0.001) significantly predictthe change in PXT3 level (R-square: 0.842; adjusted R-square: 0.826)(Table 4).

Sepsis is a major cause of mortalityworldwide, especially in developing countries, including India, considering the lack of protocolized care and crunch of resources [13]. It remains the major cause of mortality among critically ill patients. It has been demonstrated in previous work that early identification and protocol-based treatment of severe sepsis can improve the survival of patients.In recent years, there are many novel biomarkers, including PTX3, C-reactive protein (CRP), PCT, and plasma PTX3, that are identified to early anticipate sepsis and plan treatment [14]. However, none of the single biomarkers is ideal and helpful in identifying critically ill patients with their respective drawbacks.This study analyzed the PTX3 level in critically ill patients with sepsis and its correlation with lactate and PCT and critical illness index, includingSOFA score and APACHE-II score.

The mean age of participants (n = 100) was 50.78 (13.524) years with a predominantly male population. The proportion of participants with either hypertension or diabetes only was equal. The mean arterial blood pressure of the patients was 67.01 (10.518) mmHg. Most patients had lungs as the source of infection, followed by abdominal infection and urinary tract infection. These findings were in line with most of the trials,including those byChatterjee et al., which were done in India where 53% of participants had lungs as the primary source [15]. Other sites included skin, bacteremia, etc., which were less commonly seen in our setting. Of 100 participants, only 68 had positive cultural results. Most of them had gram-negative bacteria in their culture, which included Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella species.

The relevant laboratory parameters were measured, and the SOFA score and APACHE-II score were calculated. We analyzed the relationship between PTX3 and various laboratory parameters. We observed that blood pH and PaO2have a negative correlation with PTX3, whereas FiO2, PCO2, lactate, PCT, and blood urea had a positive correlation with PTX3.

The primary objective of the study was toanalyze PTX3 levelsand see the correlation with SOFA scores.The study findings reported that lactateand PCT show a significant correlation with PTX3 in the studied cohort. These findings are in accord with several previously published studies that reported a significant relationship of PTX3 with lactate and PCT[16,17].

The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) recommended measuring lactate levels for septic shock [18]. It has been suggested that serum lactate levels canbe used to screen for sepsis among adults with clinical suspicion of sepsis. Several studies were conducted toassess the use of lactate in this context [19,20]. We have also included lactate in our study, inwhich lactate was found to correlate with SOFA score, which is similar to the study done by Liu et al. in 2019 [16]. In ourstudy, we have also found that PTX3 is positively correlated with lactate (p = 0.000). This is in line with a previous prospective study done byHu et al. [14]. However, serum lactate alone is neither sensitive nor specific to rule in or rule out the diagnosis of sepsis on its own. Thetestingof lactate may not be available in resource-limited settings [21]. Hence, it was given as a weak recommendation to use lactate levels in serum as an adjunctive test to detect the probability of sepsis in patients with suspected but not confirmed sepsis.

PCT fulfills the needfor high diagnostic accuracy in detecting sepsis, which is needed to be used as a biomarker, especially in comparison to conventional. PCT alonecannot identify specific pathogens of sepsis, but the level of PCT might be useful to estimate the probability of severe bacterial infection [22].We measured the level of PCT of all the participants, the mean of which was 9.7 (SD: 6.4), and it was found to correlate with the SOFA score.

A prospective study done by Sudhir et al. depicted thatthere was a significant association between PCTand SOFA score [23]. But in a retrospective cohort study done by Yunus et al., there was a weak correlation between PCT and SOFA score [24].In our study, PTX3 has a significant positive correlation with PCT with a p-valueof 0.000 (r = 0.856), which is similar to the previous study[25].

APACHE-II scoreis one of the scoring systems used to determinethe severity of disease and predict the mortality of sepsis patients. Hillet al., in a pilot study, found thatPTX3 levels were increased in patients with sepsis and are related to APACHE-II scores when plotted according to the APACHE-II score quartile [26]. Our study found that PTX3levels are correlating significantly with the APACHE-II score (p = 0.00).

We didmultistep-wise forward linear regression analysis and interestingly we found that the best individual marker to predict PTX3 is PCT with an R-squareof 0.657 andan adjusted R-square of 0.654, with p = 0.00. The predictability increased with PCT and lactate together with an R-square of 0.808 and an adjustedR-square of0.804 significantly (p = 0.00). The predictability of PTX3 is further increased with PCT, lactate, and SOFA scores together significantly with an R-square of 0.830 and an adjusted R-square of 0.825.

The efficacy of PTX3 as a biomarker tool in sepsis has been demonstrated in the work of many studies. In the Albumin Italian Outcome Sepsis (ALBIOS) trial, which is a multi-centric trial done on 1818 patients,it was found thatPTX3levels areelevated in severe sepsisandcorrelate significantlywith prevalent and incident organ failures [27].Similarly, in a prospective study done by Uusitalo-Seppl et al., it was found that measuring PTX3 level at admission highly predicts severe sepsis and case fatality [28]. Lee et al., in a meta-analysis, found that PTX3 significantly predicts the severity of the diseaseand mortality in sepsis [29].

Hamed et al. conducted the Mannheim Sepsis Study, which is a prospective, monocentric study done on 217 intensive care unit patients, included according to the latest Sepsis-3 definitions. This study demonstrated that PTX3 exhibits potential diagnostic value in comparison to CRPand interleukin-6, and PTX3 is correlating with SOFA score [12].

Albeit, PCT is a promising marker of infectionand due to its early rise and short half-life, the studies are heterogeneous and lackconsensus. Lactate is a marker detecting endogenous catecholamine release. Patients who are maintaining their blood pressure due to a vigorous catecholamine response may have deceptively reassuring vital signs and maskthe catecholamine-dependent shock. Elevated lactate identifies these patients having occult shock who are more at risk of adverse outcomes so each of the three biomarkers plays a crucial role in helping the management of sepsis.

Akin to most of the studies, we found that PTX3 correlates with disease severity scores SOFA and APACHE-II. PTX3 is also correlating significantly with PCT and lactate, biomarkers found to be effective in sepsis for ages. We also found that PCT, lactate, andSOFA scores togetherpredicted PTX3 significantly, and the predictability is better than individual components. Among PCT, lactate, and SOFA score, the best predictor of PTX3 is PCT. PTX3, in combination with established other markers, might improve the correlation with sepsis severity and needs to be studied.

Hence, the novel marker PTX3 with its advantages needs to be considered and to be studied in future studies, as sepsis is one of the most common causes of mortality in humankind, which should be emphasized.

Thisis a single-centerstudy, and we have not included the mortality data; hence, an association between PTX3 and mortality cannot be established. In this survey, we measured PTX3 once, which may not be sufficient to conclude, and the authors recommend a longitudinal large-scale study to understand the exact role of PTX3 in sepsis development and other health consequences. A multi-centric randomized controlled trial might recheck the results of the present work. A study with a higher sample size is recommended to improve generalizability over other similar populations.

Currently, the accuracy of various biomarkers in sepsis and septic shock and their correlation with severity has thrown open wide conflicting results with many studies showing different results. PTX3was analyzed and studied according to the latest Sepsis-3 guidelines in our study and was found to correlate with the severity of sepsis as SOFA scoreand other markers like lactate and PCT along with APACHE-II score.Our study did not permit us to rush to the conclusion of whether PTX3 is a better marker compared to other biomarkers in sepsis in use now. It raised the question of whether PTX3 can be used as a tool in sepsis for early detection. To find a definitive answer, larger randomized control trials are needed.

The study correlated PTX3 levels with PCT and lactate, which are age-old markers established in sepsis, unlike other new markers. Second multi-stepwise forward linear regression analysis was done to see better predictors of PTX3, adjunctively demonstrating its correlation with sepsis. Henceforth, novel biomarkers such as PTX3 in combination with lactate, PCT, and SOFA score might be helpful to improve the risk stratification of patientswith sepsis.

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Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) as a Predictor of Severity of Sepsis in Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit: A Cross-Sectional Study From North India -...

Physiology

"Brain thermometer" explains why heat makes us feel sleepy – Earth.com

Neurobiologists at Northwestern University may have just solved the mystery of why heat makes us sleepy. In a new study focused on fruit flies, the researchers identified a brain thermometer that promotes sleep during the hottest hours of the day.

Small poikilotherms such as the fruit fly Drosophila depend on absolute temperature measurements to identify external conditions that are above (hot) or below (cold) their preferred range and to react accordingly. Hot and cold temperatures have a different impact on fly activity and sleep, but the circuits and mechanisms that adjust behavior to specific thermal conditions are not well understood, wrote the researchers.

In 2020, the Northwestern team identified a brain thermometer that is only active in cold weather. The new study describes a similar brain circuit that is activated by hot temperatures.

Changes in temperature have a strong effect on behavior in both humans and animals, and offer animals a cue that is time to adapt to the changing seasons, said Professor Marco Gallio, who led the study.

The effect of temperature on sleep can be quite extreme, with some animals deciding to sleep off an entire season think of a hibernating bear but the specific brain circuits that mediate the interaction between temperature and sleep centers remain largely unmapped.

Professor Gallio explained that fruit flies are a particularly good model to study big questions, such as why we need sleep, because they do not attempt to disrupt instinct in the same way humans do like when we pull all-nighters.

The study is the first to identify absolute heat receptors in the fly head. According to the researchers, these heat receptors respond to temperatures above about 77 degrees Fahrenheit the flys optimal temperature.

Professor Gallio said it makes sense that there are different brain circuits for hot and cold temperatures because they can have quite different effects on physiology and behavior. Next, the team hopes to identify the common targets of the cold and hot circuit in an effort to determine how each can influence sleep.

We identified one neuron that could be a site of integration for the effects of hot and cold temperatures on sleep and activity in Drosophila, said study first author Michael Alpert. This would be the start of interesting follow-up studies.

The team is interested in looking at the long-term effects of temperature on behavior and physiology to understand the impact of global warming, looking at how adaptable species are to change, noted Professor Gallio.

People may choose to take an afternoon nap on a hot day, and in some parts of the world this is a cultural norm, but what do you choose and what is programmed into you? Of course, its not culture in flies, so there actually might be a very strong underlying biological mechanism that is overlooked in humans.

The study is published in the journal Current Biology.

By Chrissy Sexton, Earth.com Staff Writer

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"Brain thermometer" explains why heat makes us feel sleepy - Earth.com

Physiology

Getty guidelines seek to promote unbiased and inclusive portrayals of female athletes – SportBusiness

Photographic agency Getty Images and iStock, its e-commerce platform for SMBs, SMEs and creatives, have seen a huge explosion of interest in womens sport in the UK following the recent success of the Lionesses [the England Womens football team] at the Womens Euros. Over the last 12 months, visual searches for womens football on iStock have increased by 125 per cent, showing that the conversation around women and girls in sport has begun to accumulate.

To help sports rights-holders and brands navigate this space, Getty Images has created a set of practical guidelines to create unbiased and inclusive visual representations of female athletes. Jacqueline Bourke, Creative Insights Director and Head of EMEA at Getty Images, explains the key things to consider.

What prompted the creation of Gettys Women and Girls in Sport guidelines?

Getty Images has long been a passionate champion of the authentic and inclusive representation of women and girls in sport, and bringing transformative equity forward requires work on a multitude of fronts.

We created the Women and Girls in Sport guidelines with the aim of provoking discussion and practically helping creatives, marketers, art directors and curators, understand how to better select or create visual content that will truly move towards unbiased and inclusive visual storytelling around women and girls in sport. We have heard directly from female athletes that they have felt pressure to limit the range of their emotional expressions to secure and retain brand sponsorships, and we believe media companies, brands and sports rights-holders can change the perceptions of womens sport by rethinking the visuals they use.

How did you analyse consumer sentiment and what have you learned?

We launched our creative insights platform VisualGPS over two years ago on Getty Images and iStock, which is a meaningful expansion of our long-standing visual content expertise. VisualGPS pulls together the 2.6 billion annual photography searches from over 842,000 customers in almost every single country around the world, combined with image testing and custom market research that we conduct with Marketcast to understand consumer sentiment, and drawing on the visual expertise of the wider creative department at Getty Images and iStock. What we are seeing consistently, as we survey a minimum of 7,000 people in 25 countries, is that consumers really want to see sports organisations do more for female sport.

Seventy two per cent of respondents agree that sports organisations and brands can do more to promote womens teams and female stars, which is a six-per-cent increase since 2021. The research also showed that 78 per cent want female athletes to have the same coverage as their male counterparts, and this is across people of all genders and across all regions that we looked at. Our findings show that it has never been more important to close the visibility gap and reimagine a new world for womens sports.

What sort of trends did you observe around the use of imagery during the recent UEFA Womens Euros?

The most popular sports visuals on Getty Images during the Womens Euros were of the Lionesses lifting the trophy and the much talked about iconic moment of Chloe Kelly taking off her top when celebrating her winning goal on the pitch. This growing interest shows that there is a unique opportunity to close the visibility gap with authentic representation and unbiased visual storytelling around women and girls in sports.

And how can photography help to promote unbiased and inclusive portrayals of womens sport?

One of the key findings from our VisualGPS research is that 75 per cent of consumers want to see female athletes depicted in a way that focuses on their skills and their athleticism rather than on their beauty, their glamour or their sex appeal. And again, the percentage of consumers and sports fans who want to see this has increased by three per cent in 2022 versus 2021.

We also felt it was very important to understand how female athletes want to be visually represented. In the UK, we have conducted workshops with female athletes from a wide variety of sports, as well as with the Womens Sport Trust [which aims to raise the visibility and awareness of womens sport]. There is not one look that all women and girls involved in sports, or who are looking to participate in sport, will relate to. We believe it is important to understand how to bring an inclusive lens that speaks to different layers of identities for women and girls to truly relate with authentic visuals in media, brand communication and advertising.

What problems have female athletes encountered in photographic portrayals of them in the past?

The guidelines focus heavily on depicting emotional expression and body empowerment. A strong finding from our research is that 60 per cent of fans want female athletes to express fully who they are and a full range of expression when they are playing their sport, and it was interesting to hear from female athletes on this topic. Some of the examples they shared were around briefs for headshot photos. Female rugby players are permitted to be seen as more aggressive or a lot stronger in visual communication, whereas for some other sports take gymnastics for example there is a different level of expectation in how they can appear.

Can imagery and photography have an impact on sports participation?

I think it is important to think about the role that body positivity can play, ensuring that female athletes of all shapes, sizes, types and abilities are being represented. There is not one clich or stereotype of what a body can look like, and this has a huge impact on encouraging women and younger girls into participating in sport. When we ask consumers and sports fans what visuals they relate most to, it is visuals of real people with relatable body shapes, sizes and abilities involved in a wide variety of sports at a wide variety of skill levels.

In the history of sports science research, female physiology has often been left out. There is a long legacy of equipment and kit, especially at grassroots level, being very much predicated on male physiology. How is female physiology understood when it comes to performance? We see lots of conversations for the first time, especially when it comes to visuals in advertisements, beginning to speak about understanding menstruation, for instance, in sport, both from performance to participation. Understanding how you encourage greater sports participation, especially where there are drop-offs in sports participation after puberty, or equally in women in midlife experiencing perimenopause or menopause, is also really important.

During the Covid pandemic, we wanted to ensure that we were helping to keep the visibility of womens sport to the fore. But at the same time, understanding how we could reach out to women in midlife between the ages of 40 and 55, who are going through either perimenopause or menopause, and how we can help create relatable visuals that will encourage them in sports participation. To that end, we partnered with Women in Sport and created a gallery of content that showed women in midlife from all over the UK, and how they turned their back gardens, garages, and local parks into their own gyms and sports recreation areas to keep themselves active. The creation of the gallery is 100 per cent powered by women, from the ideation, creative direction, photographers and videographers behind the lenses, capturing the stories of these incredible women sharing their lives to the curation of the gallery to ensure that the visual storytelling is very authentic, relatable and ultimately inspires people to action. We have seen huge success and engagement with this gallery and despite it only being shot in the UK, the content is being used by our customers in many countries around the world.

What are the key findings from the Women in Sport guidelines?

The Covid pandemic has shone a light on the power of sports to improve mental health, and a key takeaway is that the emotional benefits are now more important to consumers and sports fans than the physical aspect of sports. Sixty eight per cent of consumers believe that athletes and sports organisations should talk more about mental health and female sports stars, such as Naomi Osaka and Simone Biles, are beginning to lead cultural conversations around mental health. When choosing visuals around women and girls in sports, sports brands and rights-holders should consider thinking about how they are challenging social stigmas within the visuals they create or select. For example, by showing athletes receiving support from female coaching staff or bringing a more inclusive lens to people participating in sports at all levels.

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Getty guidelines seek to promote unbiased and inclusive portrayals of female athletes - SportBusiness

Physiology

Run or walk: What method is best for weight loss and health? – Tallahassee Democrat

Mark Ryan| Guest columnist

A woman in her mid-70s, walking briskly, nearly caught the overweight man as he jogged on the indoor track at Premier Health and Fitness Center in Tallahassee. The man managed to stay ahead and finished 13 laps for the first time. Thirteen laps on the inside lane made a mile.

The fast-walking woman was an inspiration to the man.

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While he only wished the best for the woman and gym colleagues in their pursuit of self-improvement, he admittedly was also pleased to see another fitness member plodding along on the track an observation met with skepticism by the mans usually supportive wife.

MAN: There was a guy on the track today who was even fatter than me.

WIFE: Sure.

MAN: No, really …

WIFE: Sure.

Given the mans extra poundage and potential for old orthopedic issues (ankle sprains, heel spurs, etc.), even with the perfectly level track surface at the climate-controlled fitness center, he wondered if like the speedy older woman he would be better off walking than running.

Which form of exercise was a better fit for him?

If weight loss was the primary goal, running certainly would burn off many more calories per minute than walking.

The mans preference for jogging also coincided with recommendations from the exercise physiology lab at the University of Wyoming. A study at the school, which was published in the Journal of Obesity (yes, this is a real journal), included nine experienced female runners and 10 committed female walkers as participants.

The researchers found the runners had significantly higher blood levels of peptide YY a hormone known to suppress appetite. The walkers blood levels did not reflect increased peptide YY level.

The study suggested running would lead to weight loss faster than walking.

In another study titled Greater Weight Loss From Running than Walking, and published in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, researchers, combining survey data from 15,237 walkers and 32,215 runners enrolled in the National Runners and Walkers Health Study, came up with the same conclusion: For persons looking to control their weight, running wins over walking by a large margin.

But walking especially brisk walking has some advantages over running.

In a study published in the Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology journal (American Heart Association journal), both runners and walkers were found to be at less risk of high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol profiles, diabetes, and heart disease than their sedentary peers.

However, with the same energy expenditure, researchers found that walkers reduced their risk of heart disease by 9.3 percent as compared to the runners 4.5 percent reduced risk.

With low-impact walking, there is generally less chance of injury than with running although walking is probably still more risky than the low-impact cardiovascular exercise favored by the mans wife.

A big proponent of swimming, she recommended he should, like her, spend less time on the track and more time in the pool at the fitness center. She encouraged him to do a few laps in the big pool and stop eating so much at night.

The man got defensive when confronted with the latter recommendation.

MAN: Im serious about cutting back on the late-night snacks.

WIFE: Sure.

MAN: No, really …

WIFE: Really??

If he had been a participant in the study at the exercise physiology lab in Wyoming, the researchers would have had to tabulate pizza crusts and chicken-wing bones in addition to drawing blood for peptide YY hormone levels.

Mark Ryan, a registered nurse, and his wife, Anabel Perez, are members of Premier Health and Fitness Center in Tallahassee.

Journal of Obesity: hindawi.com/journals/jobe/

The Atlantic:Study: Walking Can Be as Good as Running The Atlantic

The Guardian:Brisk walk healthier than running scientists

Women's Health:How Many Calories Can I Burn While Walking Versus Running?

Healthy Living:Why is Walking the Most Popular Form of Exercise?

Consumer reports:The Benefits of Running vs. Walking

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Run or walk: What method is best for weight loss and health? - Tallahassee Democrat

Physiology

Marvel Fans Realize the One Thing That Makes Zero Sense About Smart Hulk – We Got This Covered

via Marvel Studios/Disney Plus

Mark Ruffalo returns in She-Hulk: Attorney at Law, with the just-premiered Disney Plus series bringing back Bruce Banner in his Smart Hulk form. As introduced in Avengers: Endgame, Smart Hulk not a name Bruce chose for himself is the perfection combination of brains and brawn, with Banner retaining his personality but getting the benefits of the Hulks indestructible big green body to go with it.

Thats all well and good, but fans are just starting to realize that one thing makes exactly zero sense about him. Specifically, why the heck does he need glasses? Throughout both Endgame and the pilot episode of She-Hulk, Smart Hulk is shown donning a pair of eyeglasses when he gets to work. But, as originally pointed out by user adamfish1981 on the r/MarvelStudios subreddit, this doesnt fit with everything we know about Hulks physiology.

Banners Hulk form is known to heal pretty much all wounds and infirmities. For example, back in The Avengers, Bruce recalled how he tried to kill himself but Hulk simply spit out the bullet. Obviously, his arm was badly injured thanks to his use of the Infinity Gauntlet in Endgame, but even that was finally healed in She-Hulk thanks to cousin Jennifers super-blood. Therefore Hulk should have perfect eyesight.

So why the glasses? Marvel has made no attempt to explain it yet, so were left to speculate that, actually, maybe Smart Hulk doesnt need them at all but Bruce keeps using them anyway out of habit. In his human form, if he was concentrating on his work, he would don his glasses, so hes simply carried on doing so even if its not strictly necessary.

The real reason, obviously, is because Hulk in a pair of glasses is an easy bit of visual exposition to tell the audience that were watching Smart Hulk not regular Hulk. Still, its not hard to imagine Tatiana Maslanys Jen mocking her cuz for his useless glasses in a future episode. Admit it, Bruce, you just wear them cause you think they make you look clever.

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Marvel Fans Realize the One Thing That Makes Zero Sense About Smart Hulk - We Got This Covered

Physiology

New research shows that women with pulmonary hypertension have chance at safe pregnancy thanks to advanced cross-specialty care at Temple University…

(Philadelphia, PA) For women with pulmonary hypertension, a condition in which blood flow from the heart to the lungs is under dangerously high pressure, pregnancy is risky. In fact, it is often life-threatening, with maternal-fetal mortality rates hovering around 30 to 50 percent.

Women with pulmonary hypertension who become pregnant require specialized care. Thanks to the Temple Heart & Vascular Institutes Pulmonary Hypertension, Right Heart Failure & CTEPH/PTE Program, that care is available and it is getting better. In a new study, researchers at Temple show that maternal-fetal mortality can be reduced to zero through a patient-tailored management effort focused on optimizing right heart function prior to delivery.

The study, published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, included seven pregnancies of women with pulmonary hypertension, all of which had excellent outcomes, with 100 percent survival for mothers and infants a success rate unheard of in published literature thus far.

While the medical recommendation for women with pulmonary hypertension is to avoid pregnancy, we need to be able to safely care for these patients when pregnancy occurs, said Anjali Vaidya, MD, FACC, FASE, FACP, Professor of Medicine at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Co-Director of the Pulmonary Hypertension, Right Heart Failure & CTEPH Program, and lead author on the new study.

According to Dr. Vaidya, expertise for pulmonary hypertension is typically insufficient to meet the broad needs of patients. The combination of pulmonary hypertension and pregnancy presents unique medical challenges, owing to the additional stress that pregnancy and delivery place on the heart.

Pulmonary hypertension is marked by elevated pressure in the blood vessels running from the right side of the heart through the lungs to the left side of the heart, which causes right heart failure and can result in decreased blood-oxygen levels. Symptoms of shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, passing out, and chest pain can ultimately result in maternal and fetal death.

According to Paul Forfia, MD, Professor of Medicine at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine and Co-Director of the Pulmonary Hypertension, Right Heart Failure & CTEPH Program, pulmonary hypertension is too often considered as an automatic contraindication to pregnancy, before a thoughtful and expert assessment is undertaken. We have developed a conceptual framework for the assessment and management of pregnant women with pulmonary hypertension that allows for a physiology-based and relatively objective approach to management that most often leads to predictable and very favorable outcomes for the mother and baby, he explained.

The difference is in the multidisciplinary collaboration of colleagues which Drs. Forfia and Vaidya have created within Temple Heart and Vascular Institutes nationally accredited Pulmonary Hypertension Program, Maternal Fetal Medicine, and Obstetric Anesthesiology. The cross-specialty management program consists of individually tailored therapy for pulmonary hypertension and clinical assessment for the duration of pregnancy and postpartum, with special attention given to right heart function.

Managing patients with pulmonary hypertension who are pregnant requires a multidisciplinary approach, said Laura Hart, MD, Assistant Professor in the Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine.

Our situation of having that combined expertise within Temple is unique, Dr. Hart explained. Not only do we have experts in the necessary fields, including in pulmonary hypertension, obstetric anesthesia, and maternal-fetal medicine, but we also have the ability to co-locate and bring cardiologists into the labor and delivery process. This combination of factors puts Temple in an excellent position to provide tailored care for pregnant women with pulmonary hypertension.

The Temple researchers hope that their work will inform the development of similar multidisciplinary efforts at other institutions. We want others to see this work and be inspired to improve outcomes for pregnant women with pulmonary hypertension, Dr. Vaidya said. Ultimately, patients need to be referred early to enable effective and expert clinical assessments, allowing us to safely optimize care for each individual.

Other researchers involved in the study include Dr. Estefania Oliveros, Pulmonary Hypertension, Right Heart Failure & CTEPH Program, Temple Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine; Dr. Wadia Mulla, Director of Obstetrics and Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine; and Dr. Diana Feinstein, Obstetric Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine.###

About Temple HealthTemple University Health System (Temple Health) is a $2.4 billion academic health system dedicated to providing access to quality patient care and supporting excellence in medical education and research. Temple Health includes Temple University Hospital (TUH)-Main Campus; TUH-Episcopal Campus; TUH-Jeanes Campus; TUH-Northeastern Campus; Temple University Hospital Fox Chase Cancer Center Outpatient Department; TUH-Northeastern Endoscopy Center; The Hospital of Fox Chase Cancer Center, together with The Institute for Cancer Research, an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center; Fox Chase Cancer Center Medical Group, Inc., The Hospital of Fox Chase Cancer Centers physician practice plan; Temple Transport Team, a ground and air-ambulance company; Temple Physicians, Inc., a network of community-based specialty and primary-care physician practices; and Temple Faculty Practice Plan, Inc., Temple Healths physician practice plan. Temple Health is affiliated with the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University.

Temple Health refers to the health, education and research activities carried out by the affiliates of Temple Health and by the Katz School of Medicine. Temple Health neither provides nor controls the provision of health care. All health care is provided by its member organizations or independent health care providers affiliated with Temple Health member organizations. Each Temple Health member organization is owned and operated pursuant to its governing documents.

Non-discrimination notice: It is the policy of Temple University Hospital and The Hospital of Fox Chase Cancer Center, that no one shall be excluded from or denied the benefits of or participation in the delivery of quality medical care on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity/expression, disability, age, ancestry, color, national origin, physical ability, level of education, or source of payment.

Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease

Management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Pregnancy: Experience from a Nationally Accredited Center

18-Jun-2022

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New research shows that women with pulmonary hypertension have chance at safe pregnancy thanks to advanced cross-specialty care at Temple University...

Physiology

Northwest Biotherapeutics Announces Approval of Pediatric Investigation Plan (PIP) by MHRA – StreetInsider.com

PIP Approval Is A Pre-Requisite for Application for Approval of A New Medicine for Adult Patients

BETHESDA, Md., Aug. 23, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Northwest Biotherapeutics (OTCQB: NWBO) ("NW Bio"), a biotechnology company developing DCVax personalized immune therapies for solid tumor cancers, today announced that it has received approval from the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) for the Company's Pediatric Investigation Plan (PIP). The development, regulatory review and regulatory approval of a PIP is a pre-requisite for application for approval of a new medicine for adult patients, such as DCVax-L.

The Company's approved PIP includes 2 clinical trials: one for newly diagnosed pediatric high grade glioma (HGG), and one for recurrent pediatric HGG. In each of the 2 pediatric trials, 24 patients will be treated with DCVax-L on the same treatment schedule as in the Company's Phase III trial in adult glioblastoma patients.

The primary endpoint for each of the 2 pediatric trials will be overall survival, determined by comparing the survival of DCVax-L treated patients to matched contemporaneous external controls. The external controls will be identified using the same methodology as was used to pre-specify the external controls in the Statistical Analysis Plan for the Company's Phase III trial in adult patients.

Under applicable UK law, when a new medicine is developed for adult patients, that medicine must also be tested for potential application to pediatric patients. The sponsor must develop an overall Plan to select the specific form or stage of the disease to be treated, to adapt the dosing and administration of the medicine for pediatric physiology, and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the medicine in pediatric patients. Further, the Plan must include not just general focus areas, aims and approaches -- it must include the full design of the specific clinical trials to be carried out, including all aspects required for clinical trial approvals, such as the patient population, eligibility criteria, stage of disease, treatment regimen, trial design and endpoints.

The Plan developed by the sponsor must go through a series of stages of regulatory review and comment to reach a final approval by regulators. This process can typically take more than a year.

The final regulatory approval of the PIP must be obtained before a sponsor may submit a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) for approval to commercialize the new medicine for adult patients. The approval may include a deferral allowing the pediatric clinical trials to actually be carried out after the MAA has been submitted, but the PIP approval itself must have been received before an MAA can be filed and go through compliance check.

Northwest Biotherapeutics worked with expert consultants for months to develop a PIP tailored for application of DCVax-L to pediatric cases of HGG. The Company submitted its proposed PIP to the MHRA in February 2022, and has been going through the regulatory review process since then. On August 17, the Company received final approval of the PIP from the MHRA.

The Company's approved PIP includes a deferral under which the pediatric trials are anticipated to be undertaken after an MAA application has been submitted.

About Northwest Biotherapeutics

Northwest Biotherapeutics is a biotechnology company focused on developing personalized immunotherapy products designed to treat cancers more effectively than current treatments, without toxicities of the kind associated with chemotherapies, and on a cost-effective basis, in both North America and Europe. The Company has a broad platform technology for DCVax dendritic cell-based vaccines. The Company's lead program is a 331-patient Phase III trial of DCVax-L for newly diagnosed Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is the most aggressive and lethal form of brain cancer, and is an "orphan disease." This Phase III trial has been completed and top line data was presented by a key investigator at a recent scientific meeting. The Company also plans to pursue development of DCVax-Direct for inoperable solid tumor cancers. It has completed a 40-patient Phase I trial and plans to prepare for Phase II trials as resources permit. The Company previously conducted a Phase I/II trial with DCVax-L for advanced ovarian cancer together with the University of Pennsylvania.

Disclaimer

Statements made in this news release that are not historical facts, including statements concerning future treatment of patients using DCVax and future clinical trials, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as "expect," "believe," "intend," "design," "plan," "continue," "may," "will," "anticipate," and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. We cannot guarantee that we actually will achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statement. Specifically, there are a number of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated, such as risks related to the Company's ability to enroll patients in its clinical trials and complete the trials on a timely basis, uncertainties about the clinical trials process, uncertainties about the timely performance of third parties, risks related to whether the Company's products will demonstrate safety and efficacy, risks related to the Company's ongoing ability to raise additional capital, and other risks included in the Company's Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") filings. Additional information on the foregoing risk factors and other factors, including Risk Factors, which could affect the Company's results, is included in its SEC filings. Finally, there may be other factors not mentioned above or included in the Company's SEC filings that may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statement. The Company assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or developments, except as required by securities laws.

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Physiology

Wisconsin school board finalizes sex education curriculum that teaches 4th graders about transgenderism – Yahoo News

A Wisconsin school board introduced new sex education for its K-12 students for the first time in a decade that includes lessons on transgenderism starting as young as the fourth grade.

The Wauwatosa School District on Monday voted in favor of its Human Growth and Development committees proposed curriculum revisions for kindergarten to high school.

As part of the recommended revision first presented on Aug. 8, the fourth-grade curriculum developed for students around 9 or 10 years of age lists a lesson on "gender identity and expression."

By the end of the lesson, the learning targets and standards say students will be able to "Have awareness of different definitions for gender, including transgender, cisgender, and non-binary;" "Understand that individuals may identify beyond male and female;" "Understand the use of pronouns around gender identity;" "Understand that a label may not describe someone perfectly;" and "Identify at least 1 trusted adult they can talk to if they have questions."

DEMOCRAT MINNESOTA AG RIPPED BY GOP CHALLENGER FOR FRIVOLOUS CLIMATE CHANGE SUIT AMID SOARING VIOLENT CRIME

The "standards alignment" says the lesson should "Explain how some people may or may not differ between biological sex at birth and gender identity." It also aims to "define cisgender, transgender, gender non-binary, gender expansive, and gender identity."

Another lesson for fourth-grade students on "sexual orientation and identity" aims to have students "Understand the difference between sexual orientation and gender identity." It also lists "characteristics of a trusted adult and identify trusted adults in the child's life."

Meanwhile, the third-grade curriculum for students even younger also has a "gender identity and expression" lesson that mainly focuses on understanding the use of different gender pronouns.

Story continues

Other aspects of the curriculum focus on consent and healthy relationships, anatomy and physiology, puberty and identifying interpersonal violence, such as sexual abuse and sexual harassment.

The committees purpose statement says, "Together with a community of educators and families, students in the WSD will be empowered to develop healthy relationships, to engage in respectful communication, and to practice responsible decision-making that is grounded in the importance of self-worth and the dignity of others. Prepared instructors will provide grade level appropriate information on sexual health that is current, factual, consistent, and inclusive."

Wauwatosa Superintendent Demond Means told WISN on Monday that up to about 13% of students in the district are identifying themselves with different sexual orientations. He argued that most of the feedback on the curriculum changes has been positive from parents, educators and students.

"What we're finding is that a lot of our students are experiencing dating violence and sexual violence," Means said Monday. "We're also recognizing a lot of our students are identifying themselves with different sexual orientations. That number is up to 13%."

During an Aug. 8 school board meeting, meanwhile, one frustrated parent said of the new curriculum, "This isn't education. It's indoctrination. It's my job as a parent to talk to my kids about this, not yours."

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Wisconsin school board finalizes sex education curriculum that teaches 4th graders about transgenderism - Yahoo News

Physiology

ICAR- IARI Recruitment 2022: Check Posts, Qualifications, and How to Apply Here – StudyCafe

ICAR- IARI Recruitment 2022: Check Posts, Qualifications, and How to Apply Here

ICAR- IARI Recruitment 2022: Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR- IARI) has invited applications for 1 position of Junior Research Fellow and 1 position of Technical Assistant purely on a contractual basis, time-bound and non-regular nature under the project on Genetic enhancement of rust resistance through mutation in chickpea

The deadline to submit applications is 25th August 2022 and the shortlisted candidates will be intimated through E-mail to appear for the interview. The interview for eligible candidates will be held on 8th September 2022. The venue of the interview will be IARIs Regional Research Centre, Opp. UAS Campus, PB. Road Dharwad. Eligible candidates are requested to send their application in the enclosed proforma (Annexure-I) along with a declaration form (Annexure-II) and a scanned copy of the original documents through email to [emailprotected] with a copy to [emailprotected] by August 25th, 2022.

Details of the ICAR- IARI Recruitment 2022 are given below:

1. Name of Post and No. of Vacancy: Junior Research Fellow 01

Emoluments for ICAR- IARI Recruitment 2022: A Fixed Emolument of Rs. 31,000 for 1st and 2nd year will be paid to the selected candidates. From 3rd year onwards Rs. 35000 will be paid. (HRA, if applicable as per BRNS guidelines).

Qualification for ICAR- IARI Recruitment 2022:

Essential: Post Graduate in Basic Science (i.e., Biotechnology/Molecular Biology/ Plant Physiology/ Life Science) OR Post Graduate in Professional Course with specialization in Plant Pathology/Plant Breeding and Genetics/Plant Physiology/ Plant Biotechnology/ from a recognized University.

Candidates selected through National Eligibility Tests (for Junior Research Fellow) as mentioned in the DST office memorandum No. SR/S9/Z-08/2018, dated January 30, 2019.

Desirable: The candidate should have a basic understanding of plant breeding, plant physiology/plant pathology, and experience in handling field crops.

2. Name of Post and No. of Vacancy: Technical Assistant 01

Emolument: Rs. 15000 (Consolidated)

Qualifications for ICAR- IARI Recruitment 2022:

Essential: Diploma in Agriculture or Allied subjects Graduate degree in any discipline from a recognized University.

Desirable: Working experience in growing and maintaining crop plants in fields and glasshouses.

Age-Limit for ICAR- IARI Recruitment 2022: Maximum age 35 years for JRF (age relaxation of five years for SC/ST & women and three years for OBC and for Technical Assistant the age shall not be more than 50 years.

How to Apply for ICAR- IARI Recruitment 2022:

The application deadline is 25th August 2022 and the short listed candidates will be intimated through E-mail to appear the interview. The interview for eligible candidates will be held on 8th September 2022. Eligible candidates are requested to send their application in the enclosed proforma (Annexure-I) along with a declaration form (Annexure-II) and a scanned copy of the original documents through email to [emailprotected] with a copy to [emailprotected] by August 25th, 2022.

The interview for eligible candidates will be held on 8th September 2022 the details of which will be communicated to eligible candidates by email/mobile.

The venue of the interview will be IARIs Regional Research Centre, Opp. UAS Campus, PB. Road Dharwad.

The last date to apply is 25.08.2022.

To Read Official Notification Click Here.

Disclaimer: The Recruitment Information Provided above is for informational purposes only. We do not provide any Recruitment guarantee. Recruitment is to be done as per the official recruitment process of the company or organization posted the recruitment Vacancy. We dont charge any fee for providing this job information. Neither the author nor Studycafe and its affiliates accept any liabilities for any loss or damage of any kind arising out of any information in this article nor for any actions taken in reliance thereon.

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ICAR- IARI Recruitment 2022: Check Posts, Qualifications, and How to Apply Here - StudyCafe