Category Archives: Physiology

Why extinctions ran amok in ancient oceans, and why they slowed down – EurekAlert

image:Brachiopod and crinoid fossils from the Late Ordovician, about 445 million years ago. view more

Credit: Seth Finnegan

Not long after the dawn of complex animal life, tens of millions of years before the first of the Big Five mass extinctions, a rash of die-offs struck the worlds oceans. Then, for reasons that scientists have debated for at least 40 years, extinctions slowed down.

A new Stanford University study shows rising oxygen levels may explain why global extinction rates slowed down throughout the Phanerozoic Eon, which began 541 million years ago. The results, published Oct. 4 inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, point to 40 percent of present atmospheric oxygen levels as a key threshold beyond which viable ocean habitat expands and the global extinction rate sharply falls.

Theres a whole set of high-magnitude extinctions earlier in the history of animal life, and then they taper off until theres just these huge mass extinctions. And theres never been an explanation for why we have all those high-magnitude extinctions early on, said senior study authorErik Sperling, an assistant professor of geological sciences at StanfordsSchool of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences(Stanford Earth).

The new study reveals that even five degrees of warming extreme for our current climate but common in Earths deep past would be more than enough to trigger mass die-offs early in the Phanerozoic. The research shows this is because, in a low oxygen world, marine animals were already on the razors edge of their ability to breathe and maintain their body temperatures. The finding has implications for understanding the fate of ocean creatures in todays warming world.

The authors used computer models of Earths climate to simulate seawater temperatures and the amount of oxygen that would be dissolved in the ocean as atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen fluctuated throughout the Phanerozoic. They paired these simulations with mathematical models of interactions between animal physiology and local environments, then estimated the proportion of marine animal types that would be lost with every 5 degrees Celsius of ocean warming, as would be expected from roughly every fourfold increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Such warming events are extreme but not infrequent throughout Earth history.

The approach allowed the authors to effectively populate virtual oceans with realistic organisms, then crank up the heat to see who would survive. These are fully three-dimensional models with the physics of the water circulating around the continents in different configurations and all the biogeochemistry, Sperling said. Thats a huge computational advance.

The results are consistent with a series of major extinction events during the first 50 to 100 million years of the Phanerozoic being a direct consequence of low oxygen levels and physiological responses to heat. We dont need to invoke something outside of climatic change to explain these anomalously severe extinction rates and anomalously common mass extinctions early in the animal fossil record, said lead study authorRichard Stockey, a Stanford PhD student in geological sciences.

The need, rather, is to consider how oxygen scarcity hindered the ability of animals to cope with heat. Thats because as oceans warm, their oxygen content declines while animals need for oxygen grows. This is particularly true for cold-blooded species that rely on the external environment to regulate body temperature and metabolism. The way we looked at things puts oxygen change and temperature change in a common currency and evaluates them at once, Sperling said. Were treating fossils as ancient living organisms and thinking about how they feed, live and breathe how they get through a day.

The researchers found several additional factors that influenced the proportion of species that died out during warmer periods over the past 541 million years, including the configuration of Earths continents, the efficiency of carbon cycling between ocean and atmosphere and the state of the climate at the start of a given warming event. However, atmospheric oxygen is the dominant predictor of extinction vulnerability, the authors write. Changes in atmospheric oxygen were likely much more important than those other factors, Stockey said.

The study reinforces previous findings fromSperlings groupthat underline oxygen and temperature as interlocking keys to understanding extinction and survival patterns in ancient oceans. The geological and paleontological record is telling us over and over that it is the combination of oxygen and temperature change that are the big killers for marine animals, Sperling said.

In areas of todays oceans that have low oxygen levels, including deeper waters of the continental margin off the California coast, any further drop in oxygen or change in temperature may be catastrophic for organisms that are already pushing the limits of their aerobic capacity. Those are some of the places that are potentially in the gravest danger as climate change drives further ocean warming and deoxygenation, Sperling said. For the first hundred million years or so of animal evolution, almost the entire ocean was like that.

Sperling is also Assistant Professor, by courtesy, of Biology and a Center Fellow, by courtesy, at Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. Coauthors are affiliated with University of California, Riverside; Universit Bourgogne Franche-Comt; and University of California, Berkeley.

The research was supported by the National Science foundation, the NASA Astrobiology Institute Early Career Collaboration Award, the Heising-Simons foundation and the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Computational simulation/modeling

Not applicable

Decreasing Phanerozoic extinction intensity as a consequence of Earth surface oxygenation and metazoan ecophysiology

4-Oct-2021

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Quixplained: Who won 2021 Nobel Prizes in science, and for what? – The Indian Express

The 2021 Nobel Prizes saw seven winners in science. Ardem Patapoutian and David Julius received the Nobel for physiology while Giorgio Parisi, Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann together won the physics gong for their work deciphering chaotic climate. Benjamin List and David MacMillan received the chemistry accolade for developing a tool for molecule building.

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Quixplained: Who won 2021 Nobel Prizes in science, and for what? - The Indian Express

2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Awarded for Discoveries in Sensing Temperature and Touch – Scientific American

After a year and a half characterized by a devastating pandemic and a Herculean effort to develop several highly effective vaccines, this years Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was something of a surprise. It was awarded for discoveries related to how the human body senses temperature and touch.

The prize went to David Julius of the University of California, San Francisco, and Ardem Patapoutian of Scripps Research in La Jolla, Calif., for discovering the molecular bases of how nerves convert stimulithe burn of a chili pepper, or the soft pressure of a huginto signals that can be sensed by the brain.

Humans abilities to sense heat, cold, pressure and position are vital for perceiving and reacting to our surroundings. Understanding how they work is critical for treating chronic pain and other conditions.

The work by David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian has unlocked one of the secrets of nature, said Patrik Ernfors, a member of the Nobel Committee, in a press conference announcing the award on Monday in Sweden.

U.C.S.F.sJulius and his colleagues worked to find the receptor for capsaicin, a component in chilies that causes a painful burning sensation. They identified the gene that encodes a new protein, called TRPV1an ion channel in the membranes of cells that opens in response to heat.Julius got the idea to do his capsaicin experiments while shopping in a grocery store: Walking through the supermarket aisle one day, seeing all these hot chili pepper sauces, et cetera, I was thinking, We really have to get this project done, he said in a press conference on Monday. And my wife said, Well, then you should get on it!

Julius and Patapoutian independently identified another protein: TRPM8, which is sensitive to cold and menthol. Additionally, Patapoutian and his colleagues identified the genes for proteins that sense touch, known as Piezo1 and Piezo2. He showed that these two proteins were force-activated ion channels. Piezo2 was also found to be important for sensing the positions of limbs in space, an ability known as proprioception.

Patapoutian, an Armenian-American who grew up in war-torn Lebanon before coming to the U.S. at age 18, says he has learned not to take the opportunities he has had for granted. And in a press conference on Monday, he acknowledged the work of many other colleagues. I just want to emphasize that theres a whole field behind these studiesand, specifically within my lab, a big group of young, enthusiastic, smart scientists, of graduate students and postdocs who actually do the work.

Erhu Cao,who was formerly a postdoctoral researcher in Juliuss lab and is now an assistant professor of biochemistry at the University of Utah,says he was not surprised that the U.C.S.F. researcher won a Nobel Prize for this work. Temperature sensing is a very fundamental sense, Cao adds. If you cannot sense temperature, you can drink very hot coffee without noticing. The pain response is fundamentally protective, but if it goes awry, it can cause chronic pain, he notes.

With these discoveries, and the discovery of Piezo ion channels, in particular, it's so exciting, because it gives us tools to really understand a multitude of different aspects of our physiologyeverything from touch to how you control your blood pressureand sense the need to go to the bathroom,saysKara Marshall, a postdoctoral studentin the Patapoutian lab and an incoming assistant professor at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. These are things that we take for granted, because they're really important for all of these different aspects of our physiology and our sensory world,Marshall adds.

The Nobel Prize is wonderful recognition of these discoveries, said Scripps Researchs president and CEO Peter Schultz in a statement. I have followed Ardems career closely since he first came to Scripps and can say that he is an extraordinary scientist, mentor, and colleague and a wonderful person.

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2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Awarded for Discoveries in Sensing Temperature and Touch - Scientific American

Cerebral and systemic physiological effects of wearing face masks in young adults – pnas.org

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic led to widespread mandates requiring the wearing of face masks, which led to debates on their benefits and possible adverse effects. To that end, the physiological effects at the systemic and at the brain level are of interest. We have investigated the effect of commonly available face masks (FFP2 and surgical) on cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation, particularly microvascular cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood/tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), measured by transcranial hybrid near-infrared spectroscopies and on systemic physiology in 13 healthy adults (ages: 23 to 33 y). The results indicate small but significant changes in cerebral hemodynamics while wearing a mask. However, these changes are comparable to those of daily life activities. This platform and the protocol provides the basis for large or targeted studies of the effects of mask wearing in different populations and while performing critical tasks.

Many governments have mandated the wearing of face masks in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in order to mitigate the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. The effectiveness of this measure is currently being evaluated (1). This has led to ongoing discussions about possible adverse effects of mask wearing (e.g., dizziness, headaches, fainting), especially within the elderly, during long-term continuous mask usage and during physical activity. Chan et al. (2) reported that the arterial oxygenation (SpO2) did not change in elderly subjects after 1 h, while Law et al. (3) reported a significant effect on baseline cerebral hemodynamics and end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (EtCO2) using functional MRI (fMRI) on middle-aged adults. No task-induced hemodynamic changes were found in this study. The bulk of these concerns arise due to potential hypercapnic effects of carbon dioxide rebreathing, which has not yet been evaluated in a thorough manner. Also, the brain function was evaluated only at the level of a surrogate of oxygen consumption. Noninvasive functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and functional diffuse correlation spectroscopy (fDCS) use near-infrared light to measure microvascular cerebral hemodynamics without the constraints of the fMRI scanners. When combined together, they allow us to relate cerebral blood/tissue oxygen saturation and blood flow to the cerebral oxygen metabolism. Their main disadvantage is the potential signal contamination due to the extracerebral tissues and the limited penetration depth. Nevertheless, the advantage of studying mask effects on brain function in realistic settings merits their uses for a thorough study to look at the physiology in a holistic manner.

To this end, we have investigated the effect of mask wearing (FFP2 [European Union standard, similar to N95 in North America and KN95 in China] versus surgical) on cerebral hemodynamics, blood/tissue oxygenation, and oxygen metabolism as well as the systemic physiology with a multimodal platform of custom near-infrared spectroscopies and commercial physiological monitors in healthy young adults.

Thirteen volunteers (median age: 27.0 y [23 to 33 y], six females) took part in the study. Fig. 1 summarizes the findings. Small but significant changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood oxygen saturation (StO2) were detected for both mask types: 1) CBF increased by 6.5% (95% CI: 2.6, 10.5%) for the FFP2 mask and 6.2% (95% CI: 2.4, 9.9%) for the surgical mask; 2) StO2 increased by 0.9% (95% CI: 0.2, 1.7%) for the FFP2 mask and also 0.9% (95% CI: 0.1, 1.6%) for the surgical mask; 3) total hemoglobin concentration (tHb) increased significantly only for the FFP2 mask by 0.9 M (95% CI: 0.3, 1.5 M). Changes in oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral metabolism (CMRO2) (defined in SI Appendix) were not statistically significant: 1) OEF decreased by 1.7% (85% CI: 4.1, 0.8) for the FFP2 mask and by 2.4% (95% CI: 4.7, 0.0) for the surgical mask; 2) CMRO2 increased by 4.5% (95% CI: 1.3, 10.4%) for the FFP2 mask and by 3.6% (95% CI: 1.7, 9.0%) for the surgical mask. None of these changes were statistically significantly different between the two mask types.

(Left) Changes in the different parameters are shown for FFP2 masks (red) and surgical masks (blue). denotes a difference and r is a ratio. The arrow indicates a significant change (P < 0.05) whose direction is an increase or a decrease. Additionally, for cerebral hemodynamics, we have reported (green) changes during typical tasks such as basic cognitive, visual, or motor tasks (4, 8) for comparison. (Right) Time series of the population mean of all parameters are shown for both mask types (same color code). Time 0 is the time when the mask was placed and the shaded area indicates the time taken for placing the mask, which was excluded from the analysis. Data to the Right of the 3-min mark (magenta) were used for analysis to allow the physiology to stabilize after placing the mask. The data were normalized to 300 s prior to the mask placement.

EtCO2 showed a significant change but was discarded since the probe was affected by the air trapped within the mask. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure (TcCO2) and SpO2 did not significantly change due to wearing a mask, while mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) increased significantly for the surgical mask by 4.1 mmHg (95% CI: 0.5, 7.6 mmHg) and 2.0 beats/min (95% CI: 1.0, 3.1 beats/min), respectively. Respiratory rate (RR) decreased significantly for the FFP2 mask by 3.2 breaths/min (95% CI: 5.4, 1.1 breaths/min). A significant difference in HR between mask types of 1.2 beats/min (95% CI: 0.0, 2.4 beats/min) was detected.

Our findings show that wearing a face mask leads to statistically significant changes in the cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation (CBF and StO2) in healthy young subjects at rest, even for this first relatively short period of mask usage. However, the changes observed are minimal and are comparable to those typically observed during daily life (4). Within the limitations of the study, we cannot claim any concerns for mask use during daily life activities for healthy, young individuals. In order to draw a stronger conclusion, the duration of mask wearing could have been longer (harder to disentangle its effects from other physiological variables such as fatigue), the study population should be more heterogeneous representing the society in general, and the sample sizes can be increased. Another limitation is the fact that the order of the masks was fixed, therefore one should be critical about the results regarding differences in the mask types and additional differences may be revealed in the future. The noticeable differences in variance of the time traces are related to the intersubject variability, which may be related to the fit of the mask, mask types, and the individuals physiology.

Furthermore, we did not observe significant changes in TcCO2 and SpO2. The increase in MAP and HR for the surgical mask may have been caused by the discomfort of probes, placement of masks, and the order of studies. Here, we did not account for these stressors as potential confounding effects, since they are also part of daily life. This observation is further strengthened since TcCO2 did not change, i.e., the hypothesized hypercapnic effect was not observed. We stress that in the literature mainly EtCO2 is utilized as a surrogate of blood carbon dioxide levels, which, however, is influenced by the trapped carbon dioxide under the mask with standard equipment (5). TcCO2 provides insights as a better surrogate for the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Overall, our study provides a holistic view of understanding the potential effects of mask wearing in healthy, young adults by a thorough characterization of both the systemic physiology, the presumed driving biomarker of carbon dioxide rebreathing effect, and cerebral hemodynamics. The large intersubject variability while wearing a mask suggests that individuals may have differing responses and the platform/protocol that we introduce here could be utilized on elderly subjects or those with preexisting respiratory or cerebrovascular problems. These populations may behave differently. Finally, the potential effect of mask wearing on individuals performing critical tasks needs to be studied with future investigations. Investigations of these effects are important for policy making in order to maintain quality of life for individuals and for minimizing risks in persons carrying out critical tasks.

The study protocol was approved by the ethical committee of Hospital Clinic Barcelona and all participants signed informed consent. Young healthy adults (range for inclusion: 20 to 35 y of age) were recruited. Participants sat in a chair and read a scientific text during the experiments. The experimental paradigm involved two 10-min periods: 1) without wearing a mask and 2) with a mask. A commonly used three-layer surgical mask and a FFP2 mask (RM101 FFP2 NR, Zhejiang Yinghua Technology Co. Ltd.) were tested. Cerebral blood flow, oxygenation, and oxygen metabolism were measured bilaterally over the prefrontal cortex using transcranial diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) and time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (TR-NIRS) (6). Changes in CBF, StO2, and tHb were determined. MAP, HR, SpO2, RR, EtCO2, and TcCO2 were monitored. Signal processing was performed with Matlab (R2019a, MathWorks) and statistical analysis (R, v4.0.3) was applied to determine whether mask wearing was leading to a significant change in the signals. Raw DCS and TR-NIRS data were fitted using the analytical solution. Artifacts were manually removed, the data were smoothed (30-s window), and the changes were averaged over both hemispheres since no difference between them was detected (P >> 0.5, paired Wilcoxon test). For further details see SI Appendix.

This work was funded by la Fundaci La Marat de TV3 (201709.31, 201724.31); Fundaci CELLEX Barcelona; Agencia Estatal de Investigacin (PHOTOMETABO, PID2019-106481RB-C31, PRE2018-085082); the Severo Ochoa (CEX2019-000910-S); laCaixa (LlumMedBcn); Instituci Centres de Recerca de Catalunya (CERCA), Agncia de Gesti d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR)-Generalitat (2017SGR1380); RIS3CAT (CECH, 001-P-001682); LASERLAB-EUROPE V and EU Horizon 2020 (BitMap 675332, VASCOVID 101016087, LUCA 688303, TinyBrains 101017113).

Author contributions: J.B.F., L.K.F., F.S., R.D.-M., M.M., and T.D. designed research; J.B.F. and L.K.F. performed research; J.B.F. and L.K.F. analyzed data; J.B.F., F.S., and T.D. wrote the paper; J.B.F., L.K.F., F.S., R.D.-M., M.M., and T.D. interpreted data; F.S., M.M., and T.D. provided supervision; and R.D.-M. and T.D. provided administrative, technical, and material support.

Competing interest statement: T.D. and J.B.F. are inventors on relevant patents. Institut de Cincies Fotniques (ICFO) has equity ownership in the spin-off company HemoPhotonics S.L. Potential financial conflicts of interest and objectivity of research have been monitored by ICFOs Knowledge and Technology Transfer Department.

This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.2109111118/-/DCSupplemental.

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Cerebral and systemic physiological effects of wearing face masks in young adults - pnas.org

2 US scientists win Nobel Prize in medicine for showing how we react to heat, touch – Fox17

Two American scientists have won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their discovery of receptors for temperature and touch.

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet announced Monday morning that its awarding the honor to David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian.

Peter Barreras/Peter Barreras/Invision/AP

The Nobel Prize organization says Julius and Patapoutian solved how nerve impulses are initiated so that temperate and pressure can be perceived.

Julius utilized capsaicin, a pungent compound from chili peppers that induces a burning sensation, to identify a sensor in the nerve endings of the skin that responds to heat, according to the organization.

And Patapoutian reportedly used pressure-sensitive cells to discover a novel class of sensors that respond to mechanical stimuli in the skin and internal organs.

These discoveries launched research activities that officials say led to a rapid increase in our understanding of how the human nervous system senses heat, cold, and mechanical stimuli.

The laureates identified critical missing links in our understanding of the complex interplay between our senses and the environment, said the organization.

Julius, 65, is a physiologist who works as a professor at the University of California, San Francisco, while Patapoutian is a molecular biologist and neuroscientist at Scripps Research in La Jolla, California.

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2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine goes to two researchers for their discovery of receptors for temperature and touch – Chemical &…

2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine goes to two researchers for their discovery of receptors for temperature and touch  Chemical & Engineering News

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Why are males still the default subjects in medical research? – The Conversation AU

Women and girls account for 50% of the population, yet most health and physiology research is conducted in males.

This is especially true for fundamental research (which builds knowledge but doesnt have an application yet) and pre-clinical (animal) research. These types of research often only focus on male humans, animals and even cells.

In our discipline of exercise physiology, 6% of research studies include female-only participant groups.

So why do so many scientists seem oblivious to the existence of half of the worlds population?

Read more: Equal but not the same: a male bias reigns in medical research

Firstly, its important to understand key terminology in society and research. As referred to throughout this article, male and female are categories of sex, defined by a set of biological attributes associated with physical and physiological characteristics.

In comparison, men, women and non-binary people are categories of gender: a societal construct that encompasses behaviours, power relationships, roles and identities.

Here we discuss research on specific sexes, but further consideration of gender-diverse groups, such as transgender people, also remains a gap in science.

The main reasoning is that females are a more complicated model organism than males.

The physiological changes associated with the menstrual cycle add a whole lot of complexities when it comes to understanding how the body may respond to an external stimulus, such as taking a drug or performing a specific type of exercise.

Read more: From energy levels to metabolism: understanding your menstrual cycle can be key to achieving exercise goals

Some females use contraception, and those who do use different types. This adds to the variability between them.

Females also undergo menopause around the age of 50, another physiological change that fundamentally impacts the way the body functions and adapts.

Even when research with females is performed properly, the findings may not apply to all females. This includes whether a female individual is cisgender or gender nonconforming.

Altogether, this makes female research more time-consuming and expensive and research is nearly always limited by time and money.

Yes, because males and females are physiologically different.

This does not only involve visually obvious differences (the so-called primary sex characteristics, such as body shape or genitals), but also a whole range of hidden differences in hormones and genetics.

Theres also emerging evidence from our research team that sex differences impact epigenetics: how your behaviours and environment affect the expression of your genes.

Conducting health and physiology research in males exclusively disregards these differences. So our knowledge of the human body, which is mostly inferred from what is observed in males, may not always hold true for females.

Some diseases, such as cardiovascular (heart) disease, present differently in males and females.

Read more: Women who have heart attacks receive poorer care than men

Males and females may also metabolise drugs in a different way, meaning they may need different quantities or formulations. These drugs can have sex-specific side effects.

This may have major consequences in the way we treat diseases or the preferred drugs we use in the clinic.

Take COVID-19, for example. The severity and death rates of COVID-19 are higher in males than females. Sex differences in immunity and hormonal pathways may explain this, therefore researchers are advocating for sex-specific research to aid viral treatment.

No matter the cost or added complexity, research should be for everyone and apply to everyone. International medical research bodies are now starting to acknowledge this.

A March 2021 statement from the Endocrine Society, the international body for doctors and researchers who study hormones and treat associated problems, recognises:

Before mechanisms behind sex differences in physiology and disease can be elucidated, a fundamental understanding of sex differences that exist at baseline, is needed.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH), the largest medical research board in the United States, recently called for researchers to account for sex as a biological variable.

Unless a strong case can be made to study only one sex, studying both sexes is now a requirement to receive NIH research funding.

The Australian equivalent, the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), indirectly recommends the collection and analysis of sex-specific data in animals and humans.

However the inclusion of both sexes is not yet a requirement to receive funding in Australia.

Because sex matters, we created a freely available infographic based on our research that aims at making female health and physiology research easier to design.

It presents as a simple flow through diagram that researchers can use before starting their project and prompts them to consider questions such as:

is the phenomenon I am investigating influenced by female hormones?

should all females in my cohort use the same contraception?

on which day of the menstrual cycle should I test my participants for the most reliable result?

Depending on the answers, our infographic proposes strategies (that can be practical such as who to recruit and when or statistical) to design research that takes into account the complexity of the female body.

Its easy to follow and accessible to all. And, while initially designed for exercise physiology research, it can be applied to any type of female health and physiology research.

Read more: Medicine's gender revolution: how women stopped being treated as 'small men'

Based on our infographics, we designed a female-only, four-year research project to map the process of muscle ageing in females. Females live longer than males but, paradoxically, are more susceptible to some of the consequences of ageing. Despite lots of ageing research in males, we still know very little about the female-specific characteristics at play.

So yes, the future is female so is our research. And we hope to inspire health and physiology researchers all over the world to do the same.

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Why are males still the default subjects in medical research? - The Conversation AU

Department of Physiology and Biophysics Seminar – umc.edu

Main Content

When: Wednesday, September 01, 2021, from 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m.Location: WebEx

Contact Info: Courtney Graham at chortongraham@umc.edu or 601-984-1820Related Link: Click here to view event flyer

Dr. Jennifer Sones, Associate Professor of Theriogenology in the Department of Physiology/ School of Medicine, will give the virtual Department of Physiology and Biophysics Seminar, Metabolic Basis of Disease in BPH/5 Mice, at noon on Wednesday, Sept. 1, online via WebEx.

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Department of Physiology and Biophysics Seminar - umc.edu