Category Archives: Physiology

Physiology

Health Academy in this month’s spotlight | News, Sports, Jobs – The Review – The Review

The ongoing pandemic has impacted the way schools in the county proceed with their normal daily activities. This means that it is uncertain when schools will be able to welcome visitors back into their buildings. We have partnered with The Columbiana County Career and Technical Center to showcase the career and technical programs that they offer so that incoming juniors can make an informed decision for enrollment in a program that will interest them. Programs will be spotlighted each month of the school year. Students who are interested in enrolling in a program for the 2021-22 school year are invited to do so by visiting the CCCTCs webpage (https://www.ccctc.k12.oh.us) and completing the enrollment application which is available now. Any questions about the programs or the requirements for enrollment should be directed to Sue Allison, guidance administrator, at (330) 424-9561 ext. 118 or sue.allison@ccctc.k12.oh.us.

The CCCTC program being featured in April is Health Academy.While the Health Academy is one program, it is unique in that there are two instructors and the program can accept 50 students as opposed to the 25 students that can be accepted into the other programs at the CCCTC. This is because in the health academy program, during the junior year students will focus on learning the basics needed (medical terminology, anatomy and physiology, and nurse aid certification) for any health-related career. During their senior year, students will make a choice to focus on preparing to follow a path for a career in patient centered care or in the emergency health care field.

Benefits of Being a

Student in the Program

Benefits of the program for students following the patient centered care path include being able to earn college credit while attending high school and increased knowledge and experience in health career fields. The CCCTC Health Academy provides high school students the opportunity to explore careers in health-related fields, learn skills, and earn certifications necessary to work and/or to continue their education in healthcare. Students enrolled in Health Academy have the opportunity to complete clinicals during their school day which provides them with experiences they would encounter when they enter the workforce in patient care facilities and hospital settings. The need for highly qualified healthcare workers is increasing which means when students complete the health academy program, they have many opportunities awaiting them in the field. Most CCCTC health academy students are already working as State Tested Nursing Assistants, Childcare Providers, or Patient Care Technicians before they graduate high school and are earning on average $10.00 -$15.00 per hour. Area Long Term Care Facilities and Healthcare Agencies recruit regularly from the Health Academy program at the CCCTC.

For those who choose to follow the emergency health care path, the focus is on learning basic emergency health care. The path that a student could follow in the emergency health care industry is starting at the entry level position of EMT which allows the students to work in the field as they prepare to become a Paramedic, Flight Medic, RN, or Firefighter. Enrollment in this program includes training students to respond to prehospital emergencies as well as providing interfacility transports.In addition, CCCTC students are given the opportunity to garner real-life experience by completing clinical rotations at several private EMS agencies, fire departments, and at East Liverpool CityHospital. The great thing about enrolling in the Health Academy program is that students who choose the focus of emergency health care during their senior year have the opportunity to become certified as Emergency Medical Technicians and work for an emergency medical response company or a fire department upon graduation and passing the required test.

Credentials and

Articulation

Agreements for

the Program

Students in the health academy earn credentials and certifications during both junior and senior year. During the junior year, students can earn STNA certification through the Ohio Department of Health. They also can earn their CPR/ First Aid through AHA. During the senior year, students again take a CPR and first aid class to become certified as healthcare providers. They also can earn additional certifications. The first is the Patient Care Technician certification (CPCT/A)through the National Healthcareer Association. A second certification they can earn is the Phlebotomy Technician (CPT) certification also through the National Healthcareer Association. Finally, seniors also become certified as Childcare Providers through the Ohio Department of Job and Family services. In addition, those following the emergency health care path can earn their EMT certification.

The Health Academy also boasts some amazing articulation agreements that can help students further their career in the health care field at a fraction of the cost. Those who choose to enroll in the adult education program at the Columbiana County Career and Technical Center are eligible to receive a $4,000 scholarship to the Practical Nursing Program which is a 12 month program that prepares students to sit for the NCLEX and then practice as a Practical Nurse. There are also articulation agreements with Youngstown State University, Ohio Valley College of Technology, and Eastern Gateway Community College. Upon meeting the requirements of the agreements, students can earn 6 credit hours toward various degrees (AAS; BSAS; BSN; BSRC) at Youngstown State University, 7 credits toward an Associate of Applied Business degree at Ohio Valley College of Technology, and 5+ credits toward an Associates of Applied Science- Laboratory Technician degree or 10 credits toward various degrees at Eastern Gateway Community College.

Student Spotlights

Since the Health Academy program is unique in that it has two instructors with two different career paths and a capacity of 50 students, each of the instructors chose an exemplary student to highlight.

Exemplary Student for Health Academy-

Patient Centered Care

Brooklyn Funari is the exemplary student for the Patient Centered Care path of Health Academy. Brooklyn is a senior from Columbiana High School. Brooklyn has already earned several certifications including CPR and First Aid certification as well as Child Care Certification. She earned her State Tested Nurse Aide certification earlierthis school year and is currently working through the CCCTC work placement program as an STNA in a long-term care facility. Soon, Brooklyn will be taking the exam to become a Patient Care Technician through the National HealthCareer Association. She is also enrolled in the Phlebotomy Certification Program and is expected to become a certified phlebotomist by the end of the school year. Brooklyn has been accepted into the Bachelor of Science in Nursing program at Kent State University main campus and will begin her nursingclasses this coming fall. Mrs. Dawson states, Brooklyn is an excellent student, is very mindful of her work and is helpful to all of the other students in the class. She is also the class president for the Health Academy CTSO organization. Brooklyn has demonstrated her leadership abilities by taking charge of sophomore visits and CTSO meetings. She isalso a member of the SkillsUSA Health Knowledge Bowl team that qualified for state competition. I am very proud of everything that Brooklyn has accomplished this year. I am confident that she will do well in the nursing program as well as in life. At the CCCTC, Brooklyn is a member of National Technical Honor Society where she holds the office of Vice President. She is also a member of the career and technical student organization SkillsUSA where she serves as the President.

Exemplary Student for Health Academy-

Emergency Health Care

Kaylee Colkitt was chosen as the exemplary student for the Health Academy- Emergency Health Care path. She is a junior from Leetonia High School. Mr. Burns describes Kaylee as an excellent student, with great attendance and displays respect for those around her. She has earned the American Heart Association Heartsaver First Aid CPR certification and is currently working on obtaining a State Tested Nurse Aide certification. Kaylees goal is to earn her STNA, EMT, and Phlebotomy certifications by the time she graduates next year. Upon graduation, Kaylee wants to attend the LPN and RN adult education programs offered by the CCCTC with a long-term goal of becoming an OB/GYN nurse. An excellent student, Kaylee has maintained a 4.0 gpa for many years. In addition, she has been active in sports and activities during her high school career. At Leetonia, Kaylee was a member of the Spanish Club. She also participated as a member of several sports teams including cross country, track, and basketball. At the CCCTC, she is a member of SkillsUSA and will be inducted into the National Technical Honor Society in May. In her free time, she likes to volunteer at the Columbiana County Dog Poundand do peoples hair. In addition to attending post-secondary schooling, Kaylee plans to travel after graduation.

Instructor Spotlights

Health Academy-

Patient Centered

Care

Pamela Dawson is the Health Academy-Patient Centered Care instructor. A lifelong resident of East Liverpool, she graduated from East Liverpool High School and only left the area for the four years that she lived in Columbus while attending the Ohio State University. Mrs. Dawson has a Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing from the Ohio State University and a Masters degree in Career and Technical Education from Kent State University. A registered nurse for 34 years, Mrs. Dawson worked in long-term care and critical care for part of her career prior to becoming a teacher. The last 23 years have been spent in the classroom teaching high school health academy. She holds many certifications including nurse aide instructor through the Ohio Department of Health, Phlebotomy instructor, and a Patient Care Technician instructor through the National HealthCareer Association. She also dedicates her time to ensure that students are learning what they are tested on by being an item writer for Webxams for the Health Sciences Career Cluster in conjunction with OSU and ODE. In addition to teaching high school health academy, she is employed as a Nurse Aide evaluator through D and S Technologies. Mrs. Dawson is responsible for teaching the Nurse Aide Certification program and Patient Centered Care.

Health Academy-

Emergency Health Care

Bill Burns, instructor of the Emergency Health Care path of Health Academy, brings a wealth of experience from his years in the field to his classroom. His teaching career spans 14 years, but his experience goes back much further. He began working in emergency services in 1977 as a volunteer firefighter and part time Emergency Medical Technician (EMT). Eventually, he secured a position as a firefighter at the East Liverpool Fire Dept and as a Paramedic at Lifeteam EMS prior to taking a teaching position. Mr. Burns earned his career tech teaching license from Kent State University. Like his counterpart in the Patient Centered Care path, Mr. Burns holds many certifications including Firefighter II, Emergency Medical Technician, Hazardous Materials Technician, Fire Instructor, and EMS instructor. Mr. Burns is responsible for teaching Anatomy & Physiology, Medical Terminology, and Emergency Medical Technician.

CCCTCs Health

Academy Program

Benefits Local

Businesses

The Health Academy program is a tremendous benefit to local businesses. There is a great demand for trained, skilled professionals in the health care field. The Health Academy program allows local businesses to immediately fill available jobs with qualified individuals right out of high school. Many of the available jobs are ones students might not even realize are a possibility for them. The Health Academy at the CCCTC provides a terrific opportunity to research some of these careers and gain a foothold in the industry. Healthcare occupations are projected to add more jobs in the next ten years than any of the other occupational groups which means local businesses will be constantly looking for qualified employees. Hiring students from the CCCTC means that local healthcare providers have a continuous pool of employees that graduate each year. Anyone thinking about going into a career in healthcare, whether straight out of high school, entering the military, or attending college, would benefit by coming to the Health Academy at the CCCTC because local businesses rely on our students to fill essential roles in the healthcare industry.

Any student who is interested in enrolling in the Health Academy Program should complete the online application now. Every program is limited in capacity, so do not hesitate to enroll to ensure you get into the program of your choice. Any questions about the programs can be directed to Sue Allison at extension 118 (sue.allison@ccctc.k12.oh.us) or Michelle Fitzsimmons at extension 158 (michelle.fitzsimmons@ccctc.k12.oh.us) at the Columbiana County Career and Technical Center.

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Health Academy in this month's spotlight | News, Sports, Jobs - The Review - The Review

Physiology

The New Science of Fatigue Resistance | Outside Online – Outside

When the lab data from Nikes Breaking2 marathon project was finally published last fall, the most interesting insights were of the dog that didnt bark in the night variety. Among a group of some of the greatest distance runners in history, none of the standard physiological measurementsVO2 max, lactate threshold, running economyproduced any seriously eye-popping values. To understand why these runners were so good, the researchers suggested, we might need another variable: fatigue resistance, which they defined as the extent of the deterioration of the three [other variables] over time.

Interestingly, that same new variable pops up in a new analysis of power data from pro cyclists. An international research team led by Peter Leo, a doctoral student at the University of Innsbruck, and James Spragg, a British cycling coach, crunched the numbers from a group of elite and near-elite professional cyclists in a five-day race called the Tour of the Alps. The best predictor of race performance, competitive level, and event specialty wasnt the raw power or heart-rate datait was, once again, fatigue resistance.

The subjects in the new study, which was published in the International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, came from three European cycling teams: Tirol KTM, Bora Hansgrohe, and Androni Giocattoli-Sidermec. The 14 participants from Tirol KTM were all under-23 riders competing in the developmental Continental tier of cycling competition; the ten participants from the other two teams were pros. There are lots of ways of comparing the two groups of riders, from simple observations (the pros were shorter and lighter than the U23 riders) to complex analyses of their power profile (the highest power sustained for various durations ranging from five seconds to 30 minutes over the course of the five-day race).

The power profile can tell you lots of useful things about your strengths and weaknesses as a rider. If youre really good at sustaining sky-high power output for five-second bursts, that bodes well for your ability to win sprint finishes and cover sudden mid-race moves. If your 30-minute power is unusually good, that suggests you might be a climber or a time trialist. Overall, the power profiles turned out to predict almost perfectly what order the riders finished in and how far behind the leaders they were.

There was a surprise in the power profile data, though, somewhat reminiscent of the VO2 max data from Breaking2. When they compared the U23 riders to pros, there were no significant differences in the power profiles of the two groupswith the minor exception of the five-second power, which was actually higher in the U23s. Similarly, when they compared different types of cyclists like climbers and all-rounders, there werent major differences in the power profiles.

The default power profile was constructed by searching through each riders data for the entire five-day race to find, say, the five-second window with the highest average power. Same thing for ten seconds, 15 seconds, and so on up to 1,800 seconds (i.e. 30 minutes). But you can do a similar analysis while limiting your search to the highest five-second power produced after youve already done, say, 1,000 kilojoules of cycling during that days stage. According to Leo, a typical pro cyclist might accumulate 800 to 900 kilojoules of work during an hour of training, and up to 1,500 kilojoules per hour during a race.

So the researchers repeated that process to construct separate power profiles for the riders after 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 2,500, and 3,000 kilojoules of work. Heres how the resulting power profiles looked for the professionals versus the under-23 riders:

(Illustrations: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance)

As youd expect, the max powers are highest for the short bursts (on the left side of each graph) and lowest for the longer durations (on the right side). For the pros, the lines are mostly bunched together on top of each other. That means that even if theyve been riding fairly hard for a few hours, they can still surge for a minute or two almost as quickly as they could when fresh. Its only at the highest level of fatigue, after 3,000 kilojoules of work, that their sprint performance starts to drop off noticeably.

In contrast, the power profiles for the U23 riders are much more spread out. Even after just 1,500 kilojoules of work, their ability to sustain high-intensity efforts is noticeably impaired. In other words, its fatigue resistance that differentiates pros from U23s.

You see something similar when you compare different styles of rider. The way they divided the riders up is a bit complicated. First they used height, weight, and body surface area to divide them into climbers (small, light cyclists ideally suited to pedaling up Alps) and all-rounders (bigger, more versatile cyclists who can sprint and time trial well in addition to climbing). Then they divided the climbers into GC (general classification) riders, who placed in the top ten of the overall race standings, and domestiques, who placed outside the top ten. Heres what their power profiles looked like:

(Illustrations: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance)

The difference here is even starker. The GC ridersthe ones who hope to actually win multi-stage raceshave virtually no difference in their power profile even after 3,000 kilojoules. The less accomplished domestiques show a much greater effect of fatigue. And the all-rounders have the most pronounced drop in performance, which is presumably why theyre not given the assignment of trying to win the overall race. You cant win a multi-stage tour unless your fatigue resistance is exceptional.

There are a number of nuances to consider. One is that this data was collected during a real-world race, which means that the power data reflects the particular tactics used by each team and how each stage played out. In a stage with an early breakaway, maybe no one really needed to max out their five-second power. And each riders role affects the resulting power profiles: the differences between GC rider and all-rounder profiles may be partly a result of the jobs theyre assigned.

Also, quantifying fatigue by the number of kilojoules expended is a very blunt measure. Cruising along at a steady 250 watts for an hour burns up 900 kilojoules; but so does cruising along at 230 watts with a couple of one-minute surges at 600 watts. The latter is likely to trash your legs far more than the former, and professional stage racing is full of sudden shifts between low and high intensities.

That complexity makes it hard to zero in on why some riders have better fatigue resistance than others. Fatigue, after all, has many different components: metabolic disturbances in your muscles, altered signals from your brain and through your spinal cord, depleted motivation and cognitive resources. The precise mix of these components at any given point during a five-day race will vary widely, so its not clear exactly what superpower the GC riders possess that enables them to shrug off a few hours of hard riding.

Still, when I asked Leo how to develop fatigue resistance, he did have a few practical suggestions. One is that running low on carbohydrates seems to make fatigue resistance worsean observation that dovetails with other data from the Breaking2 project, which found that taking in 60 grams of carbohydrate per hour improved fatigue resistance. In training, Leo and his colleagues hypothesize that the volume of training you do is more important than the intensity for developing fatigue resistance. And you might try including intervals or sprints toward the end of a longer ride, he suggested: four x 8:00 hard with 4:00 recovery after three to four hours of lower-intensity riding, for example.

For now, there are more questions thananswers about fatigue resistance. But I suspect well see a lot more research about it in the years to come. In longer endurance events, Leo points out, its all about how you can perform in a fatigued state, rather than a fresh state.

For more Sweat Science, join me on Twitter and Facebook, sign up for the email newsletter, and check out my book Endure: Mind, Body, and the Curiously Elastic Limits of Human Performance.

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Physiology

Butterflies and moths look at the world differently: Blame it on evolution – Research Matters

Image by Jeremy Zero via Unsplash

The genetic makeup of butterflies and moths is similar. However, while most butterflies, which are a kind of moth, fly by the day, other moths are active at night. They possess different eyes that adapt to the surrounding lights, ranging from dazzling light to complete darkness. While the butterflies eyes enhance the clarity of images in bright light conditions, other moths eyes have evolved to help them see clearly in dim light settings. Hence, butterflies are unable to see clearly in the dark, while moths end up viewing the world a bit blurred.

All moths engage in swift flight manoeuvres, and their eyes can sense the slightest change in their environment. What causes their eyes to perform the same functions under different light conditions is not clear to scientists. Recently, researchers have studied whether the butterflies and moths activity patterns at different times of the day can explain the difference in how their eyes function. The study, by researchers from the National Centre of Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru and Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune (IISER-Pune), was published in the Journal of Comparative Physiology A. It was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST), the Government of India.

To facilitate seeing, light-detecting cells in the retina send a signal to the brain about the ambient visual environment. An object appears to flicker when the eyes light-detecting cells can register the dark and light periods from an irregular light source. Sometimes, the interval between the dark and light periods is so small that eyes fail to detect it, and an individual perceives even a flickering object as a regular light source. Scientists refer to the frequency at which eyes fail to detect an actual flicker as the Flicker Fusion Frequency or the FFF. As the FFF can vary across species, researchers often use it to compare the visual abilities of animals. The scientists compared the FFF of the butterflies and the moths.

To do so, the researchers collected live butterflies and moths from the gardens of the NCBS campus. Their sample comprised day-flying, evening-flying, and night-flying species of these insects.

We initially measured flicker fusion frequencies just as a quick fun activity, says Sanjay Sane, a Professor at NCBS and an author of the study. In due course, as many of these insects fly past our backyards, we developed this study, he adds. The researchers, however, depended on an opportunistic sampling of butterflies and moths in the NCBS backyard.

The researchers studied how the eyes of butterflies and other moths perceive a light source at various rates of flicker. They observed that the FFF is significantly different for the two groups. Butterflies eyes are better at detecting objects with a higher rate of flickering than moths eyes. Additionally, evening-flying butterflies can detect flickering in an even broader range of frequency.

Although their eyes are not as good as ours, their ability to sense changes in their environment is superior, and hence their reactions much faster, says Sanjay.

The scientists found that the ability to detect a flicker did not depend upon whether they are day-flying or night-flying, but whether they are butterflies or other moth species. The study suggests that as the butterflies and other moth species have diverged from their common ancestors during evolution, their eyes evolved differently. As butterflies adapted to day-light lifestyles, their eyes got more sensitive to change in ambient light. If a moth has evolved a diurnal lifestyle, it still has to function with a sensitivity of eyes that is best under low light levels, explains Sanjay. It points out that evolution happens continuously and has not yet optimised every organ for its current role.

The researchers were able to compare the different groups by studying them simultaneously. Fossil records or comparisons of genes would be insufficient to make such a comparison because physiological or behavioural differences are often not captured when animals are not alive.

Our study highlights the importance of comparative work across all levels including physiological to assess how evolutionary processes work, Sanjay signs off.

This article has been run past the researchers, whose work is covered, to ensure accuracy.

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Butterflies and moths look at the world differently: Blame it on evolution - Research Matters

Physiology

Bacterial-induced pH shifts link individual cell physiology to macroscale collective behavior – pnas.org

Bacterial-induced pH shifts link individual cell physiology to macroscale collective behavior

Veeramuthu Dharanishanthi, Amit Orgad, Neta Rotem, Efrat Hagai, Jeny Kerstnus-Banchik, Julius Ben-Ari, Tim Harig, Srinivasa Rao Ravella, Stefan Schulz, Yael Helman

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Apr 2021, 118 (14) e2014346118; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014346118

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Bacterial-induced pH shifts link individual cell physiology to macroscale collective behavior - pnas.org

Physiology

The Psychology and Physiology of Brand Loyalty; an emerging perspective – ETBrandEquity.com

The Psychology and Physiology of Brand Loyalty; an emerging perspective.By S Ramesh Kumar

Brand loyalty is the ultimate dream of marketers. Is brand switching, a habit of consumers? The challenge for brand managers today is not just to create loyalty but to also sustain loyalty in a digital world that is replete with a variety of consumer dialog, mind shattering discounts and constant chatter on social media. Towards an understanding of brand loyalty in todays context, it is essential to understand the physiology based psychological process, that is associated with brand loyalty.

Various approaches to brand loyalty

Also Read: Priya Jayaraman steps down as CEO of Saatchi & Saatchi Propagate

It is the Physiology and Psychology that makes or breaks Brand loyalty

Research often quoted on neuromarketing, explains how brain scans that involved Coke and Pepsi, with pre-frontal cortex associated with pleasure, self and decision making (unknown to the consumer) may play a significant role in the loyalty of millions who adore Coke. Dopamine, an enzyme associated with pleasure, also influences our sensory pleasure. And these mechanisms, may act, even without a consumer being conscious about it, during sensual consumption of brands!

Automaticity (explained in consumer behavior literature) that drives context based habitual behavior may be effective as it has a physiological origin. While the mind and the habit adapt, to familiarity (due the built-in mechanism of automaticity) the mind is also attracted to new behaviors and novel sensory inputs in a specific context. This is reason why brand loyalty is difficult to sustain. Neale Martin in his book Habit and Norman in his book Emotional Design provide insightful information to understand the interaction of psychology and physiology in terms of creating brand loyalty. Norman speaks of three layers of interaction with the incoming information/sensory inputs- visceral state, reflexive state and reflective state. The visceral state is almost involuntary and fast with no processing, the reflexive state is the habitual state of recalling the learning and the reflective state is the conscious state of thinking but the one that does not directly influence behavior.

Also Read: BE Exclusive: Vivo makes a new celeb call

Duke researchers report that 45% of the time, we do the same thing at the same time thinking about something else! The cerebellum, an important part associated with the mind is associated with habits. The reflective state may influence the mind of a married lady to use the detergent brand used by her mother for several years due to the nostalgia involved. Of course as the environment changes over time , new lifestyles/technology set in and consumers may adapt new behaviors (iPod sold millions of downloads of songs displacing CDs and other musical delivery systems).

Implications to Marketers

Is price the basic weapon to break the loyalty the success of online retailers like Amazon and Flipkart with its Big Billion Days or private labels offered in modern retail outlets may provide an impression that the price may make consumers think about breaking loyalty. The target segment matters, as thrifty consumers may form a significant proportion in most categories. Also all brands do not have the business model of large online retailers who may always have a strong acquisition base. And it may become worthwhile for online shops to specialize in special needs of consumers (there are several, for traditional delicacies) . Private label apparel online shops may open up specialized personalization.

Does consistent feel of the brand (includes the brand proposition too) promote automaticity?Lifebuoy, Santoor, Lux and Surf with consistent brand propositions have been able to sustain themselves for a long period of time. Apple (ipod, ipad and iPhone) with its user friendly interface (besides the symbolic appeal) has been able to sustain its success. It is interesting to note that Blackberry that popularized the mail on the move had not posed a challenge to several other follower brands. This does not mean that brand extension by itself would be sufficient to garner loyalty but a consistent feel of the brand is important. Brand revitalization and reinforcement that is required in a changing environment is important in striking a balance between adapting to the environment and projecting the consistent feel.

Wherever appropriate making the brand a part of the context can nurture loyalty (Red Bull became a part of the partying context and history was created).

Emerging interdisciplinary fields are likely to synergize with the historical knowledge on consumer behavior: that must herald new vistas, in the world of branding.

The author is a professor of marketing at IIM-Bangalore. Views expressed are personal.

Watch BE+ | Way forward mantras for post COVID world | Leading marketing leaders like Deepa Krishnan, Anurita Chopra, Samir Singh to Santosh Iyer, across sectors in the special video series

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The Psychology and Physiology of Brand Loyalty; an emerging perspective - ETBrandEquity.com

Physiology

Enrollment Completed in Clinical Trial Evaluating Effect of Exclusive Human Milk Diet Including a Specialty Fortifier in Term Infants Born With Single…

DUARTE, Calif., April 7, 2021 /PRNewswire/ --Prolacta Bioscience, the world's leading hospital provider of 100% human milk-based nutritional products, announced today that enrollment is now complete in a clinical trial evaluating the effect of an exclusive human milk diet (EHMD),1including a specialty fortifier,for term infants who have undergone a corrective procedure for single ventricle physiology (SVP), a life-threatening congenital heart defect (CHD).

SVP refers to many types of CHDs that include specific anatomical conditions that result in the body having only one functioning heart ventricle. Because the body needs two healthy heart ventricles to pump blood around the body successfully, infants with SVP may have severe complications unless treated through a series of surgeries shortly after birth.2

"We're hopeful that an EHMD, including a specialty fortifier, will demonstrate improved short- and long-term health outcomes for this population of fragile term infants," said principal investigator Dr. Cynthia Blanco, MD, of the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio. "This study allows us to examine the role of human milk nutrition for this specific infant population who require a great deal of nutrients to catch up on growth, heal from multiple surgeries, and avoid further health complications."

Blanco approached Prolacta about developing a fortifier for infants requiring cardiac surgery. SVP is rare, with only approximately 1,500 infants a year born in the U.S. with this condition.3 These infants face growth and feeding intolerance issues, which are further complicated by the infants being severely fluid restricted. To meet the specific nutritional needs of these fragile infants requiring surgery, a specialty fortifierwas developed and evaluated for potential use in this specific patient population.

"We were moved by Dr. Blanco's commitment to her patients and wanted to help her feed these fragile single ventricle physiology infants undergoing a corrective procedure," said Scott Elster, CEO of Prolacta. "It is gratifying to have the opportunity to provide human milk nutrition to other infant populations in need regardless of the relative size of that patient population."

The study, "A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Growth Velocity and Clinical Outcomes of Infants With Single Ventricle Physiology Fed an Exclusive Human Milk Diet With Early Nutritional Fortification Following Surgical Repair," successfully enrolled 107 infants undergoing a corrective procedure for SVP. These infants were randomly assigned to receive either Prolacta's human milk-based fortifier as part of an EHMD, or a cow milk-based fortifier as part of a human/cow milk diet (depending on hospital protocol). The trial was conducted at major medical centers in Texas, Ohio, Oklahoma, California, Illinois, New York, and Florida.

About Prolacta BioscienceProlacta BioscienceInc. is a privately held life sciences company dedicated to Advancing the Science of Human Milk. Prolacta is the world's leading hospital provider of 100% human milk-based nutritional products. These life-saving products have reduced complications and improved the health of more than 63,000 extremely premature infants globally.4 In addition, the company is exploring the therapeutic potential of human milk across a wide spectrum of human diseases, including applications for infants requiring surgery for congenital cardiac and gastrointestinal disorders. Operating the world's first pharmaceutical-grade human milk processing facilities, Prolacta leads the industry with the highest quality and safety standards for the screening and testing of donor milk. Prolacta is a global company with headquarters in Duarte, California, andcan be found online atwww.prolacta.com, on Twitter@prolacta, on Instagram@prolacta_bioscience, on Facebook atwww.facebook.com/prolacta,and LinkedIn atwww.linkedin.com/company/prolacta-bioscience/.

Media Contact: Loren Kosmont[emailprotected]310.721.9444

References:

1. An exclusive human milk diet (EHMD) is achieved when 100% of protein, fat, and carbohydrate in an infant's diet are derived from human milk. This diet includes Prolacta's 100% human milk-based fortifiers.

2. Single Ventricle Defects. American Heart Association (AHA). Accessed January 13, 2021. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/single-ventricle-defects

3. Estimated number of infants born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome including single ventricle physiology based on findings from: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Facts about Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. AccessedMarch 19, 2021.https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/heartdefects/hlhs.html; data on file.

4. Estimated number of premature infants fed Prolacta's products from January 2007 to August 2020; data on file.

SOURCE Prolacta Bioscience

https://www.prolacta.com

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Enrollment Completed in Clinical Trial Evaluating Effect of Exclusive Human Milk Diet Including a Specialty Fortifier in Term Infants Born With Single...

Physiology

Derek Chauvin trial, day 9: Doctor testifying for prosecution says ‘what Mr. Floyd was subjected to’ would kill healthy person – USA TODAY

Follow Friday's coverage of the Derek Chauvin trial here.

MINNEAPOLIS A medical expert in the physiologyof breathing testified in the murder trial of Derek Chauvin that the way George Floyd was restrained handcuffed behind his back, face-down on the ground, with a knee on his neck prevented him from breathing properly.

Dr. Martin Tobin, called as an expert witness by the prosecution, said the cause of Floyd's death washypoxia, or a low level of oxygen that led to asphyxia, or suffocation. The overall effect of the restraint was almost"asif a surgeon had gone in and removed the lung," he said, referring to Floyd's left lung.

"A healthy person subjected to what Mr. Floyd was subjected to would have died as a result of what he was subjected to," Tobin said.

Chauvinis charged with second-degree murder, third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter in Floyd's death. The defense argues Floyd died as a result of the drugs in his system and underlying medical issues, but prosecutors say Floyd was killed by Chauvin's knee on his neck for more than nine minutes.

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Dr. Bill Smock, called by the prosecution as an expert witness on drug tolerance who reviewed "thousands of pages of documents" in Floyd's case, took the witness stand Thursday afternoon.

Smock spent more than 20 years at a Level 1 trauma center in Louisville and teaches emergency medicine to paramedics, medical students and others in Louisville. He's edited four textbooks and has worked as an assistant medical examiner. He also is the police surgeon for the Louisville Police Department. Smock said he specializes in forensic analysis on people who have suffered major injuries but have not died.

Questioned by prosecutor Jerry Blackwell, Smock said he concluded that Floyd had died of positional asphyxia, "which is a fancy way of saying he had no oxygen in his body."

Smock said he also researched other potential causes of death, including excited delirium, a state where someone's respiration and breathing rate is up, and they're "out of control." Smock said excited delirium is a controversial diagnosis because "there isn't 100% agreement on what excited delirium is." However, Smock added, "in my opinion, it is real."

In this image taken from video witness Dr. Bill Smock, a Louisville physician in forensic medicine testifies as Hennepin County Judge PeterCahill presides Thursday, April 8, 2021, in the trial of former Minneapolis police Officer Derek Chauvin at the Hennepin County Courthouse in Minneapolis, Minn.(Photo: AP)

Responding to questions from Blackwell, Smock said Floyd showed none of the symptoms of excited delirium, including failing to respond to instructions from law enforcement officers, excessive sweating and far higher than normal strength.

Smock also said he ruled out a Fentanyl overdose as a potential cause of death. Symptoms of an overdose of the synthetic drug can be slower respiration rates, "or they're not respiring at all." Such an overdose would normally cause eye pupils to constrict said Smock. Instead, Floyd's respiration rate was normal and his pupil's were dilated, Smock testified.

The level of methamphetamine found in Floyd's system was "an extremely low level," Smock said, not suggestive of an overdose from that drug.

Smock also addressed the lack of bruising on Floyds body. He added that "you can be fatally strangled, die of asphyxia, and have absolutely no bruising." Bruising depends on where, how much and how long pressure has been applied, he said.

Trying to underscore Smocks medical opinion on the cause of death, Blackwell played part of a police body camera video and audio of the struggle with Floyd. "Listen to Mr. Floyd's voice, he's speaking with full volume," Smock said, adding, "You will hear his voice get weaker and weaker."

As the court played video of Floyd crying out "Mama,"his niece, Tiffany Hall, put her hand on her head and avoidedwatching the video. Shebreathedheavily and appearedto cry, dabbing her eyes with tissues as Floyd could be heard saying "I cant move."

At one point in the video, Smock highlighted Floyd pushing against the tire of the police patrol car in an attempt to breathe. "He's trying to get his right chest off the pavement so he can breathe," Smock said. That echoed earlier testimony from Tobin, the expert in the physiology of breathing.

Blackwell also focused Smock on the police officers duty to provide medical care to Floyd. Smock said the officers should have started CPR "way before" paramedics arrived and began to administer it a point several Minneapolis police officers have made in recent days. "As soon as Mr. Floyd was unconscious, he should have been rolled over," Smock added.

During cross-examination, lead defense attorney Eric Nelson got Smock to acknowledge that he's not certified as a pathologist. Asked by Nelson, Smock acknowledged there's no evidence from Floyd's autopsy that his airway had been obstructed. "The evidence is not from the autopsy, it is on the videotape, sir," Smock replied.

Smock said the autopsy showed Floyd had evidence of heart disease. Nelson asked whether Floyd's struggle with police officers could be likened to a cardiac stress test, when someone is placed on a treadmill with electrodes that record heart response as the treadmill's speed and difficulty level increases. Smock disagreed.

Asked by Blackwell, Smock said: "There was absolutely no evidence at autopsy, anything to suggest that Mr. Floyd had a heart attack."

Daniel Isenschmid, a forensic toxicologist who analyzed George Floyd's hospital blood and urine collected from theHennepin County Medical Examiner's autopsy, took the witness stand Thursay afternoon. Isenschmid works at NMS Laboratory in Horsham, Pennsylvania and previously worked at various medical examiner's offices.

He told jurors hefound fentanyl and methamphetamine in Floyd's blood. The amount of meth was consistent with a prescribed dose a"very low" amount, he said.

On fentanyl and opioids or opiates, Isenschmidsaidthe impact on a person taking the drug can vary widely depending on tolerance.The state triedto show that Floyd not only had a high tolerance for drugs, but that the amount in his system was average to minimal.

In this image taken from video, witness Daniel Isenschmid, a forensic toxicologist, testifies as Hennepin County Judge PeterCahill presides, Thursday, April 8, 2021, in the trial of former Minneapolis police Officer Derek Chauvin at the Hennepin County Courthouse in Minneapolis, Minn.(Photo: AP)

Isenschmidsaid he also found evidence of caffeine, smoking and THC in Floyd's body. Morphine was not found in the blood, but rather in the urine sample, which could indicate that the drug was taken prior to the day Floyd died, he said. Isenschmid said he also foundnarcan in Floyd's system, which can be indicative of someone undergoing treatment.

On cross-examination, lead defense attorney Eric Nelson tried to show that it was possible that Floyd ingested more fentanyl during the arrest a part of his case that drugs played a role in Floyd's death but the drug had not broken down by the time he died. Nelson also tried to bring home the point that drugs can vary from pill to pill, hit to hit, and could adversely impact a person's reaction. Isenschmid agreed.

When prosecutor Erin Eldridge resumed questioning, Isenschmid agreed the levels of meth in Floyd's system "were lower than 94% of the driving under the influence population" so low that it likely wouldn't cause an effect on Floyd.

Dr. Martin Tobin,a physician who has been working in respiratory physiology for 40 years, testified Thursday that Floyd died from a "low level of oxygen," which caused damage to his brain and an abnormal heartbeat. Tobin was called as an expert witness by prosecutors and examined records and video in the Floyd case, but he did not conduct an examination of Floyd's body.

Tobin said he watched videos of Floyd's arrests "hundreds of times"and found Chauvin's left knee was on Floyd's neck for the majority of the time. The combination of Floyd being handcuffed behind his back, the officers' manipulation of the cuffs, and the pavement beneath Floyd combined to interfere with Floyd's ability to breathe, Tobin testified.

"It's like the left side is in a vise. It's totally pushed in, squeezed in from the street at the bottom, and then from the way the handcuffs are manipulated," he said. "That totally interferes with central features of how we breathe.

In this image from video, Dr. Martin Tobin testifies as Hennepin County Judge PeterCahill presides Thursday, April 8, 2021, in the trial of former Minneapolis police Officer Derek Chauvin at the Hennepin County Courthouse in Minneapolis, Minn.(Photo: AP)

Tobin said images from the videos show Floyd trying to use his right fingers and knuckles to push the right side of his lungs up to get air into them. "This tells you he has used up his resources and he's literally trying to breathe with his fingers and knuckles," Tobin said.

Tobin looked at the jurors as he testified, and everyjuror took notes. Read more on his testimony here.

The prosecution has said Chauvin is not only culpable in Floyd's death but that he also failed to carry out his duty to provide basic care when Floyd was in medical distress and then became unresponsive.

Several Minneapolis police department officials testified Chauvin violated department policy by failing to move Floyd on his side to ease his breathing once he had been restrained face-down on the ground.

"When someone is in our custody, we have an obligation to provide for their care," Minneapolis Police Chief Medaria Arradondo told jurors. That's true even if an officer is applying defense tactics, the chief said. "They're still in our custody," he said. "They have rights."

The defense has argued Chauvin and the other officers were unable to care for Floyd because they were distracted and threatened by a crowd of vocal, upset bystanders. "As the crowd grew in size, seemingly so too did their anger," lead defense attorney, Eric Nelson, told jurors. Read more.

Jurors have heard from 30 witnesses so far, all have been called by the prosecution in the George Floyd murder trial. USA TODAY

Sgt. Jody Stiger, a Los Angeles Police Department officer who has conducted about 2,500 use-of-force reviews in his career,told jurors Wednesday that Chauvin used "deadly" force on George Floyd and kept his knee on Floyd's neck for more than nine minutes.

In this image from video, witness Jody Stiger, a Los Angeles Police Department sergeant testifies as Hennepin County Judge Peter Cahill presides Wednesday, April 7, 2021.(Photo: AP)

Stiger said the initial force used on Floyd was appropriate because Floyd was resisting arrest as officers tried to get him into their patrol car. However, after officers forced Floyd to the ground, "they should have de-escalated the situation," Stiger said. Instead, the officers continued to intensify the situation, he said.

Stiger said the number of officers on the scene outweighed any threat posed by Floyd, who was not actively resisting while he was in the prone position. He said "no force should have been used after he was in that position." But the pressure continually exerted by Chauvin "raised the possibility of death," he said. More here.

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Derek Chauvin trial, day 9: Doctor testifying for prosecution says 'what Mr. Floyd was subjected to' would kill healthy person - USA TODAY

Physiology

The Ventilator Project: A Story of Grit, Determination and Hope – Yahoo India News

Usually, businesses take a long time to take shape, from an idea to a model, from launch to results. However, there are some that do not follow the traditional norm and breakthrough just-in-time to save the world.

Also Read | Economic Survey 2020-21: Unemployment Rates at All India Level Declined to 5.8% in 2018-19 from 6.1% in 2017-18

On March 24, 2020, the nation went under a lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic. There was a lack of medical equipment, hospital beds, ventilators, restriction on movement of goods and people, import and export.

However, during this critical time of unrest and hopelessness, home-grown start-up, Noccarc Robotics under the guidance of IIT Kanpur developed a cost-effective ICU ventilator in a span of 3 months. This solved a major issue that Indian hospitals were facing, the lack of ventilators which were mostly imported from other countries.

Also Read | Republic Day 2021: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Prasar Bharati Gear Up for Bharat Parv 2021 Scheduled From January 2631

What is The Ventilator Project?

The Ventilator Project is a story about a life-saving technology that was manufactured in just 90 days to help India fight strongly against the pandemic. Srikant Sastri and Amitabha Bandyopadhyay together wrote the book, The Ventilator Project, describing the journey of building an ICU ventilator in times of a crisis.

Sastri and Bandyopadhyay formed the IIT Kanpur ventilator Consortium as a task force to assist Noccarc Robotics, a start-up, to build affordable yet high-quality ICU ventilators.

NOCCARC V310 - The ICU Ventilator

Noccarc Robotics manufactured Noccarc V310 after witnessing the desperate need of ICU ventilators in hospitals. Interestingly, the Noccarc team had never seen a ventilator before but the prototype of NOCCARC V310 was manufactured within 48 hours using the components available in the factory and some outsourced ones.

Within 48 hours, Tushar downloaded the entire physiology and anatomical understanding of the ventilator. The team also consulted several doctors to understand the technical and medical requirements of the ventilator.

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Any medical product has 2 parts- one is tech and the other is physiology. Our main challenge was how fast we understand the medical part of it and stitch together the engineering part developed over the last three years, said Tushar Agarwal, Head New Products & Innovation, Noccarc.

Features of NOCCARC V310

-NOCCARC is an advanced, indigenous, safe, reliable, and clinically validated ICU ventilator.

-NOCCARC V310 ventilator uses turbine-based technology that eliminates the need of compressed medical air.

-It can be used in multiple infrastructural setups. Moreover, it can operate for up to 8 hours without external power due to its inbuilt battery.

-It also has 14 required ventilation modes for ICU conditions, a high flow nasal cannula with electronic control of O2 concentration, and a flow rate of up to 100 LPM.

-It meets all the specifications laid out by the Government of India through the HLL tender and has been tested by a committee of doctors under the Directorate General of Health Services, DGHS.

Funding

During the execution of the ventilator project, I witnessed the importance of being an Indian. This was a time when the entire country was working for a common purpose, a proud Amitabha Bandyopadhyay said.

Corporate houses and banks came to their rescue and through IIT Kanpur funded the project ventilator. Ansys, Standard Chartered, ICICI Securities, and Info Edge from their corporate social responsibility fund without any guarantee that it will succeed, confirmed Amitabha Bandyopadhyay.

Challenges Faced

- Understanding the machine from a physicians perspective.

- Permission and approval for movement of people.

- Clarity on the regulatory framework.

Aatmanirbhar Bharat Dream

Speaking on achieving the self-reliant India dream, Srikant shared that due to the uncertainty revolving around the regulatory framework regarding the manufacturing of ventilators, it took the team 90 days instead of 60 to manufacture the ventilator.

We need a competent, strict, and transparent regulator to provide lighthouse direction to manufacturers, he said.There are many things that require intervention. Creating demand for indigenously manufactured products is most needed. Government tendering needs to be fixed, the structure needs to change to attract investments, he added.

Role of IIT Kanpur

IIT Kanpur played a vital role in connecting people and providing technical guidance that could help in the manufacturing of the NOCCARC V310. Moreover, it also provided infrastructure support, expert connections, fundings, permissions from the government, and the initial support that Noccarc needed.

The genesis of the whole project was IIT Kanpur and as we set up the task force, many more IIT Kanpur alumni came in, shared Srikant Sastri who also happens to be an IIT Kanpur alumni and a member of the Board of Incubators.

About Noccare Robotics

Noccarc Robotics is a Pune-based start-up company that originated in the incubator of IIT Kanpur and is into building technology through innovation. Three days into the lockdown and the company changed its line of business in order to survive the pandemic

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The Ventilator Project: A Story of Grit, Determination and Hope - Yahoo India News

Physiology

Pear Therapeutics Expands Platform with Digital Biomarkers, Machine Learning Algorithms and Sensor-Based Technologies – Business Wire

BOSTON & SAN FRANCISCO--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Pear Therapeutics, Inc. announced today that it has entered into agreements with multiple technology companies, including Empatica Inc., etectRx, Inc., and KeyWise, Inc. The new technologies complement the voice-based biomarkers previously licensed from Winterlight Labs. These new agreements bolster Pears Prescription Digital Therapeutics (PDT) platform, by adding to its library of digital biomarkers, machine learning algorithms, sensor-based technologies, and digital therapeutics.

Pear has built the first scalable platform infrastructure to discover, develop, and deliver PDTs to patients. Pears continued investment in cutting-edge technologies supports its strategy to create a potent toolkit for the development of PDTs.

The newly licensed technologies enable the building of a comprehensive product offering for remote sensing of patient physiology. Pears physiologic sensing portfolio could allow for real-time personalization of digital therapeutic content and pharmaceutical dosing, creating the opportunity for enhanced patient outcomes across a wide range of disease states.

We are excited to announce these agreements, which expand the leading PDT platform and create optionality as the space grows beyond neurobehavioral therapies, said Corey McCann, M.D., Ph.D., President and CEO of Pear. Accessing external technologies allows us to build PDTs with new capabilities and continue to broaden their scope and effectiveness. With the ability to collect and quantify information in real-world settings and to potentially personalize products in real-time, PDTs present the opportunity to truly revolutionize healthcare.

About Pear Therapeutics

Pear Therapeutics is the leader in prescription digital therapeutics, or PDTs. Pear aims to redefine medicine by discovering, developing, and delivering clinically validated software-based therapeutics to provide better outcomes for patients, smarter engagement and tracking tools for clinicians, and cost-effective solutions for payers. Pear has a pipeline of products and product candidates across therapeutic areas, including the first three PDTs with disease treatment claims from the FDA. Pears lead product, reSET, for the treatment of substance use disorder, was the first PDT to receive marketing authorization from the FDA to treat disease. Pears second product, reSET-O, for the treatment of opioid use disorder, was the first PDT to receive Breakthrough Designation. Pears third product, Somryst for the treatment of chronic insomnia, was the first PDT submitted through the FDAs traditional 510(k) pathway while simultaneously reviewed through the FDAs Software Precertification Pilot Program. For more information, visit Pear at http://www.peartherapeutics.com.

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Pear Therapeutics Expands Platform with Digital Biomarkers, Machine Learning Algorithms and Sensor-Based Technologies - Business Wire

Physiology

Study Investigates the Effects of Ventilatory Rescue Therapies on the Cerebral Oxygenation of COVID-19 Patients Using Masimo O3 – Business Wire

NEUCHATEL, Switzerland--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Masimo (NASDAQ: MASI) today announced the results of a prospective, observational study published in Critical Care in which researchers in Genoa, Italy, evaluated the impact of a variety of rescue therapies on the systemic and cerebral oxygenation of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).1 To gauge the impact, the researchers used the Masimo Root Patient Monitoring and Connectivity Platform with O3 Regional Oximetry, which uses near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to enable monitoring of tissue oxygen saturation (rSO2) in the region of interest, such as the brain.

Dr. Chiara Robba and colleagues noted that neurological complications are common in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients with COVID-19 and may lead to impaired cerebral hemodynamics, and further, that respiratory rescue therapies may have detrimental effects on brain physiology. Observing, however, that there is currently little data available regarding the effect of rescue therapies on these patients brains, and in particular on cerebral oxygenation, the researchers sought to assess the impact of different ventilatory rescue therapies on the brain to help guide clinicians in choosing the most appropriate therapies for their COVID-19 patients.

The rescue therapies studied were recruitment maneuvers (RMs), prone positioning (PP), inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), and extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R). To assess impact, the researchers measured (before and after the application of each method) arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2). rSO2 was obtained using Masimo Root with O3, which also allowed them to observe several additional parameters unique to Masimo O3: O2Hb, which monitors relative changes in the oxygenated hemoglobin component of rSO2; HHb, which monitors relative changes in the deoxygenated hemoglobin component of rSO2; and cHb, which monitors relative changes in total cerebral hemoglobin or blood volume. As a secondary aim, the researchers sought to evaluate the correlation between systemic and cerebral oxygenation.

The researchers found that the four rescue therapies had varied impact on cerebral oxygenation and the other measured parameters, noting in particular that after RMs, while there was no significant change in PaO2 or PaCO2, there was a significant decrease in rSO2. After PP and after iNO therapies, both PaO2 and rSO2 increased; cHb also increased, corresponding to increased cerebral blood volume. After ECCO2R, both PaO2 and rSO2 decreased.

The researchers concluded, Rescue therapies exert specific pathophysiological mechanisms, resulting in different effects on systemic and cerebral oxygenation in critically ill COVID-19 patients with ARDS. The choice of rescue strategy to be adopted should take into account both lung and brain needs.

They also noted, To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the early effects of rescue therapies on systemic and cerebral oxygenation and their correlation in critically ill patients with COVID-19-associated ARDS. The use of multimodal neuromonitoring, including new indices such as HHbi + O2Hbi, enabled us to better investigate the specific consequences of each ventilatory rescue strategy for brain and lung function. This is particularly important, especially in the early phases after rescue therapies application, when most of the effects on cerebral physiology are mainly acting.

Dr. Robba and study co-author Dr. Basil Matta, Senior Medical Director at Masimo, commented, The ability to observe relative changes in oxygenated, deoxygenated, and total hemoglobin with O3s delta indices provided us with better insight into why brain saturations change as a result of interventions, and allowed us to better understand the interactions between systemic and cerebral hemodynamics. For example, we saw that turning patients prone resulted in improved systemic and cerebral oxygenation, whereas the lung recruitment maneuver did not improve systemic oxygenation, and even had an adverse effect by reducing brain oxygen saturation.

They continued, Above all, the main objective of improving the oxygen content of the blood is to deliver oxygen to vital organs, the most important of which is the brain. Masimo O3 provides the clinician with the ability to assess the impact of any medical intervention aimed at improving oxygenation. O3s hemoglobin indices were critical to our understanding of the effects of our interventions on the brain. Without such a monitor, we are at best guessing, and in danger of flying blind. As we continue to seek to improve care and outcomes for patients with severe COVID-19, any tool that helps us better understand the impact of different medical interventions is most welcome.

@Masimo | #Masimo

About Masimo

Masimo (NASDAQ: MASI) is a global medical technology company that develops and produces a wide array of industry-leading monitoring technologies, including innovative measurements, sensors, patient monitors, and automation and connectivity solutions. Our mission is to improve patient outcomes and reduce the cost of care. Masimo SET Measure-through Motion and Low Perfusion pulse oximetry, introduced in 1995, has been shown in over 100 independent and objective studies to outperform other pulse oximetry technologies.2 Masimo SET has also been shown to help clinicians reduce severe retinopathy of prematurity in neonates,3 improve CCHD screening in newborns,4 and, when used for continuous monitoring with Masimo Patient SafetyNet in post-surgical wards, reduce rapid response team activations, ICU transfers, and costs.5-8 Masimo SET is estimated to be used on more than 200 million patients in leading hospitals and other healthcare settings around the world,9 and is the primary pulse oximetry at 9 of the top 10 hospitals according to the 2020-21 U.S. News and World Report Best Hospitals Honor Roll.10 Masimo continues to refine SET and in 2018, announced that SpO2 accuracy on RD SET sensors during conditions of motion has been significantly improved, providing clinicians with even greater confidence that the SpO2 values they rely on accurately reflect a patients physiological status. In 2005, Masimo introduced rainbow Pulse CO-Oximetry technology, allowing noninvasive and continuous monitoring of blood constituents that previously could only be measured invasively, including total hemoglobin (SpHb), oxygen content (SpOC), carboxyhemoglobin (SpCO), methemoglobin (SpMet), Pleth Variability Index (PVi), RPVi (rainbow PVi), and Oxygen Reserve Index (ORi). In 2013, Masimo introduced the Root Patient Monitoring and Connectivity Platform, built from the ground up to be as flexible and expandable as possible to facilitate the addition of other Masimo and third-party monitoring technologies; key Masimo additions include Next Generation SedLine Brain Function Monitoring, O3 Regional Oximetry, and ISA Capnography with NomoLine sampling lines. Masimos family of continuous and spot-check monitoring Pulse CO-Oximeters includes devices designed for use in a variety of clinical and non-clinical scenarios, including tetherless, wearable technology, such as Radius-7 and Radius PPG, portable devices like Rad-67, fingertip pulse oximeters like MightySat Rx, and devices available for use both in the hospital and at home, such as Rad-97. Masimo hospital automation and connectivity solutions are centered around the Masimo Hospital Automation platform, and include Iris Gateway, iSirona, Patient SafetyNet, Replica, Halo ION, UniView, UniView :60, and Masimo SafetyNet. Additional information about Masimo and its products may be found at http://www.masimo.com. Published clinical studies on Masimo products can be found at http://www.masimo.com/evidence/featured-studies/feature/.

ORi and RPVi have not received FDA 510(k) clearance and are not available for sale in the United States. The use of the trademark Patient SafetyNet is under license from University HealthSystem Consortium.

References

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release includes forward-looking statements as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, in connection with the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, among others, statements regarding the potential effectiveness of Root with O3. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations about future events affecting us and are subject to risks and uncertainties, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control and could cause our actual results to differ materially and adversely from those expressed in our forward-looking statements as a result of various risk factors, including, but not limited to: risks related to our assumptions regarding the repeatability of clinical results; risks related to our belief that Masimo's unique noninvasive measurement technologies, including Root with O3, contribute to positive clinical outcomes and patient safety; risks related to our belief that Masimo noninvasive medical breakthroughs provide cost-effective solutions and unique advantages; risks related to COVID-19; as well as other factors discussed in the "Risk Factors" section of our most recent reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), which may be obtained for free at the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, we do not know whether our expectations will prove correct. All forward-looking statements included in this press release are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of today's date. We do not undertake any obligation to update, amend or clarify these statements or the "Risk Factors" contained in our most recent reports filed with the SEC, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under the applicable securities laws.

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Study Investigates the Effects of Ventilatory Rescue Therapies on the Cerebral Oxygenation of COVID-19 Patients Using Masimo O3 - Business Wire