Category Archives: Physiology

Insecticide on flowers can stop bees and flies from getting sleep – THE WEEK

Pesticides used on plant can make flies, like bees, mad without sleep, say researchers who studed the impact of common pesticides on the insect brain.

Just like us, many insects need a decent night's sleep to function properly, but this might not be possible if they have been exposed to neonicotinoid insecticides, the most common form of insecticide used worldwide, suggests research by academics at the University of Bristol.

Two studies by scientists at Bristol's Schools of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Biological Sciences have shown these insecticides affect the amount of sleep taken by both bumblebees and fruit flies, which may help us understand why insect pollinators are vanishing from the wild.

Dr Kiah Tasman, Teaching Associate in the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience and lead author of the studies, said: "The neonicotinoids we tested had a big effect on the amount of sleep taken by both flies and bees. If an insect was exposed to a similar amount as it might experience on a farm where the pesticide had been applied, it slept less, and its daily behavioural rhythms were knocked out of synch with the normal 24-hour cycle of day and night."

The fruit fly study has been published in Scientific Reports.

As well as finding that typical agricultural concentrations of neonicotinoids ruined the flies' ability to remember, the researchers also saw changes in the clock in the fly brain which controls its 24-hour cycle of day and night.

"Being able to tell time is important for knowing when to be awake and forage, and it looked like these drugged insects were unable to sleep. We know quality sleep is important for insects, just as it is for humans, for their health and forming lasting memories," said Dr James Hodge, Associate Professor in Neuroscience in the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience and senior author for the study.

"Bees and flies have similar structures in their brains, and this suggests one reason why these drugs are so bad for bees is they stop the bees from sleeping properly and then being able to learn where food is in their environment, explained Dr Sean Rands, Senior Lecturer in the School of Biological Sciences and co-author.

"Neonicotinoids are currently banned in the EU, and we hope that this continues in the UK as we leave EU legislation."

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Insecticide on flowers can stop bees and flies from getting sleep - THE WEEK

Physiology: What it takes to run a two-hour marathon – AW – Athletics Weekly

Study highlights the physiological demands linked to breaking the fabled barrier

Elite marathon runners need a specific blend of physiological traits to stand a chance of breaking two hours in the marathon, according to a study from the University of Exeter published in the Journal of Applied Physiology.

Eliud Kipchoge was one of the athletes tested by Andy Jones, professor of applied physiology at Exeter and the study author, along with 16 others who took part in the selection stage of the ambitious Nike Breaking2 project of 2017. Kipchoge was to record 1:59:40.2 in the INEOS 1:59 challenge after the trial had finished.

READ MORE: Eliud Kipchoge runs sub-two-hour marathon

Jones reported that a perfect balance of a high VO2 max (maximal oxygen uptake) and high lactate turn point (the percentage of someones VO2 max that can be sustained before anaerobic respiration, and fatigue, set in) were also necessary attributes of potential sub-two-hour runners.

His findings showed that a 59kg runner would need to take in about four litres of oxygen per minute (or 67ml per kg of weight per minute) to maintain two-hour marathon pace (21.1km/hr) meaning they take in oxygen during a marathon at double the speed a normal person of the same age would while sprinting flat out.

Some of the results particularly the VO2 max were not actually as high as we expected, Jones says. But these runners possess a perfect balance of characteristics for marathon performance.

Supreme efficiency of movement or an effective running action were also a requirement, to enable the body to use oxygen efficiently.

Of the athletes studied, 15 were from East Africa and, says Jones, seemed to know intuitively how to run just below their critical speed, close to the lactate turn point but never exceeding it.

Across the board, they displayed remarkable fatigue resistance.

Jones says: The requirements of a two-hour marathon have been extensively debated, but the actual physiological demands have never been reported before now.

This article was first published in the November 2020 edition of AW magazine, which is available to order online in print hereandread digitally here

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Physiology: What it takes to run a two-hour marathon - AW - Athletics Weekly

Senior Lecturer in Physiology job with ULSTER UNIVERSITY | 242508 – Times Higher Education (THE)

Faculty of Life and Health SciencesSchool of MedicineSenior Lecturer in Physiology Salary 52,590 - 60,939 pa Closing date: 31 January 202Campus: Magee Ref 003402

As Northern Irelands civic University, Ulster is grounded in the heart of the community and strives to make a lasting contribution to society. Renowned for its world-class teaching, Ulster aims to transform lives, stretch minds and develop the skills required by a growing economy.

This is an exciting time for the University as we develop our new School of Medicine: our aim is to deliver Graduate Entry Medical Education as a means of widening access to medicine in Northern Ireland, seeking to produce doctors who are locally focussed, globally ambitious change agents who will work in and lead teams to improve the health of their patients and the wider community.

The creation of the new School offers a unique opportunity for the successful candidate to join a team of like-minded medical educators. The post is a key early appointment to the School allowing the successful applicant to play a pivotal part in shaping our educational delivery. We are seeking capable team players who are willing to explore new ways of delivery and who are enthused by the prospect of being involved in establishing a new School.

The successful candidate will work closely with the Foundation Dean and Director of Education to design, develop and deliver an imaginative and integrated approach to the learning of Physiology for medical students.

The focus of the School is educational excellence and, as such, will require partnership working with colleagues throughout the University and with a wide range of clinical stakeholders. The University has a global research profile to complement its strong educational achievements and maintenance of research activity is also supported and encouraged.

We prefer to issue and receive applications via our on-line recruitment website by clicking Apply.

Hard copy applications can be obtained by telephoning 028 7012 4072

The University is an equal opportunities employer and welcomes applicants from all sections of the community, particularly from those with disabilities.Appointment will be made on merit.

Ulster University holds a Bronze Athena SWAN award in recognition of our commitment to advancing gender equality in higher education. Read more on our website https://www.ulster.ac.uk/peopleandculture/employee-benefits/equality-diversity/athena-swan. The University has a range of initiatives to support a family friendly working environment, including flexible working.

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Senior Lecturer in Physiology job with ULSTER UNIVERSITY | 242508 - Times Higher Education (THE)

Application of Nanotechnology in the COVID-19 Pandemic | IJN – Dove Medical Press

Dongki Yang

Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea

Correspondence: Dongki YangDepartment of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South KoreaTel +82-32-899-6072Fax +82-32-899-6588Email dkyang@gachon.ac.kr

Abstract: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, has been prevalent worldwide for almost a year. In early 2000, there was an outbreak of SARS-CoV, and in early 2010, a similar dissemination of infection by MERS-CoV occurred. However, no clear explanation for the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and a massive increase in the number of infections has yet been proposed. The best solution to overcome this pandemic is the development of suitable and effective vaccines and therapeutics. Fortunately, for SARS-CoV-2, the genome sequence and protein structure have been published in a short period, making research and development for prevention and treatment relatively easy. In addition, intranasal drug delivery has proven to be an effective method of administration for treating viral lung diseases. In recent years, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have been applied to intranasal drug delivery to overcome various limitations that occur during mucosal administration, and advances have been made to the stage where effective drug delivery is possible. This review describes the accumulated knowledge of the previous SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections and aims to help understand the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, it elucidates the achievements in developing COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics to date through existing approaches. Finally, the applicable nanotechnology approach is described in detail, and vaccines and therapeutic drugs developed based on nanomedicine, which are currently undergoing clinical trials, have presented the potential to become innovative alternatives for overcoming COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, antiviral drug, vaccines, nanoparticles, nanotechnology

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License.By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms.

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Application of Nanotechnology in the COVID-19 Pandemic | IJN - Dove Medical Press

Conservation physiology and the COVID-19 pandemic – DocWire News

This article was originally published here

Conserv Physiol. 2021 Jan 12;9(1):coaa139. doi: 10.1093/conphys/coaa139. eCollection 2021.

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic and associated public health measures have had unanticipated effects on ecosystems and biodiversity. Conservation physiology and its mechanistic underpinnings are well positioned to generate robust data to inform the extent to which the Anthropause has benefited biodiversity through alterations in disturbance-, pollution- and climate change-related emissions. The conservation physiology toolbox includes sensitive biomarkers and tools that can be used both retroactively (e.g. to reconstruct stress in wildlife before, during and after lockdown measures) and proactively (e.g. future viral waves) to understand the physiological consequences of the pandemic. The pandemic has also created new risks to ecosystems and biodiversity through extensive use of various antimicrobial products (e.g. hand cleansers, sprays) and plastic medical waste. Conservation physiology can be used to identify regulatory thresholds for those products. Moreover, given that COVID-19 is zoonotic, there is also opportunity for conservation physiologists to work closely with experts in conservation medicine and human health on strategies that will reduce the likelihood of future pandemics (e.g. what conditions enable disease development and pathogen transfer) while embracing the One Health concept. The conservation physiology community has also been impacted directly by COVID-19 with interruptions in research, training and networking (e.g. conferences). Because this is a nascent discipline, it will be particularly important to support early career researchers and ensure that there are recruitment pathways for the next generation of conservation physiologists while creating a diverse and inclusive community. We remain hopeful for the future and in particular the ability of the conservation physiology community to deliver relevant, solutions-oriented science to guide decision makers particularly during the important post-COVID transition and economic recovery.

PMID:33469469 | PMC:PMC7805516 | DOI:10.1093/conphys/coaa139

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Conservation physiology and the COVID-19 pandemic - DocWire News

This Easy 7-Minute Workout Will Help You Burn Fat, Says Science | Eat This Not That – Eat This, Not That

In 2013, Chris Jordan, MS, CSCS, NSCA-CPT, ACSM EP-C/APT, an elite exercise physiologist with experience training armed forces who is currently the director of exercise physiology at the Johnson & Johnson Human Performance Institute, created a simple bodyweight exercise routine that instantly took the fitness world by storm. It was called the "7-Minute Workout," and the instructional app containing variations of the routinecomplete with videos of Jordan himself offering stern instruction and demonstrationswiftly became one of the most-downloaded fitness apps on the market.

The 7-Minute workout preached the benefits of a type of training that was quickly gaining in popularity at the time: high-intensity interval training, or doing short bursts of really intense exercise split up by short periods of rest. Though the mechanics of HIIT were actually nothing newelite athletes have been doing several versions of it since the 1930sthe routine promised something truly incredible to busy, working Americans everywhere: Yes, you can get fitter fasterin less than 10 minutes!and you can do so in any basement or hotel room, using only the weight of your body, a wall, and perhaps a chair. Jordan published the compelling findings of his research on the benefits of the 7-Minute Workout in the American College of Sports Medicine's Health & Fitness Journal, and a phenomenon was born.

For anyone who has tried the 7-Minute Workout and may have found it too difficult to complete, Jordan just released a newer and "gentler" variation of it: The Standing 7-Minute Workout. The idea behind this new version, as Jordan explained to The New York Times, is to make the 7-Minute Workout more accessible to as many people as possible, including "my triathlete elder brother and my 82-year-old mother."

RELATED: 15 Underrated Weight Loss Tips That Actually Work

In this version, as the name suggests, he eliminates all of the exercises that may cause strain on the person's body by having them drop to the floor, including more difficult moves such as planks, pushups, and crunches. "Like the original workout, the standing workout includes exercises for cardio fitness, the lower body, the upper body, and core musclesin that order," explains the Times. "Each exercise lasts just 30 seconds with just five seconds of rest in between. To get the most out of the workout, do each exercise at relatively high intensityabout a 7 or 8 on a scale of 1 to 10."

You can view a video of Jordan explaining and demonstrating the workout here.

If you have doubts that you can burn fat by exercising in such a short amount of time, Jordan has plenty of science to back him up. "When it comes to the immediate health benefits of this sort of high-intensity exercise, it's all about blood sugar," Timothy Church, Ph.D., a professor of preventive medicine at Louisiana State University, explained to Men's Journal. If you're jumping rope or running sprints, for example, your body instantly gets to processing your blood sugar, which aids in weight loss, and the stress on your muscles leads to greater conditioning. The benefits simply compound from there.

"As with other forms of exercise, when your muscles grow, they pull on your skeletal system, increasing your bone density," explains Men's Journal. "A lot of new research also shows that interval training triggers the release of macrophages and killer T cells, boosting the body's immune function for hours after your last pushup or pullup."

As your fitness grows, know that you can perform these exercises for longer periods of time than 7 minutesbut we're not talking about hours. Ten, 15, or 20 minutes is plenty of exercise, as LSU's Church told Men's Journal. After all, think of all of the weight lifters who do their sets, and then simply walk around the gym staring at the clock, their heads bobbing to music. "Most people are really doing hard work for only 15 to 20 minutes anyway," he said.

For more great weight loss advice, make sure you're aware of The One Workout That Drives 29 Percent More Fat Loss, According to Science.

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This Easy 7-Minute Workout Will Help You Burn Fat, Says Science | Eat This Not That - Eat This, Not That

Methods of quantitative modeling revolutionize drug development – McGill Tribune

Mathematics and computer science are revolutionizing the way new drugs and treatments are tested and implemented. A new paper published in Chaosand written by U4 McGill Physiology and Math major Sofia Alfonso, postdoctoral researcher Adrianne L. Jenner, and Dr. Morgan Craig from the University of Montreals department of Math and Statistics, explores new alternatives to the challenges of using quantitative tools.

In the pharmaceutical industry, pre-clinical and clinical trials are challenging, time-consuming, and costly. Virtual drug trials allow researchers to better understand and treat complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes and depression. Conducted faster than conventional clinical trials, virtual drug trials also allow more efficient and affordable distribution of treatments to the public due to high recruitment rates, better compliance, and lower drop-out rates. The paper presents multiple case studies that test experimental medications using mathematical modelling.

Such studies are considered in silico, as they are conducted by a computer program and do not involve live patients, as an in vivotrial would. These simulations can predict the effect of a medication on virtual patients, leading to important insights about a drugs efficacy before investing time and money into human subject testing.

Alfonso and Craig say that the pharmaceutical industry is already using in silicomodels for research and emphasize the need for collaboration between experimentalists and clinicians in order to develop more accurate and effective models.

In drug development, for example, study of a novel drug delivery device for anti-HIV therapy contributed to its continued development and ongoing clinical trials of similar devices, Craig wrote in an email to The McGill Tribune.

One case study explored the potential of mathematical modeling in the development of treatments for infectious diseases, such as the Herpes Simplex virus (HSV) or the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Based on data of viral shedding collected from real patients, an experimental drug was administered to a virtual patient infected with HSV. Researchers then optimized the drugs dose for clinical trials, paving the way for future studies of similar drugs for the antiviral treatment of HIV and HSV.

A big challenge is finding adequate parameters in the literature such that the model can be accurately calibrated, Alfonso wrote in an email to the Tribune, referring to the need for data from clinicians to construct accurate models. Thus, collaborative efforts that bridge quantitative approaches with experimental work can be integral to developing useful models.

The researchers are optimistic about the potential of virtual trials in the development of treatments more quickly and less invasively during public health crises such as COVID-19. Transitioning to remote trials could limit the risks of in-person contact, especially in medical settings.

Currently, we have been working with an interdisciplinary team on modelling COVID-19 in virtual patients, allowing us to simulate the mechanisms resulting in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, Alfonso wrote. I am hopeful that as we gain more data, our model will provide further clinically relevant findings.

Given the importance of quantitative methods in physiology, Alfonso emphasizes the opportunities for future physiology students willing to delve into mathematics, physics, and computer science.

Craig also calls upon physiology students to maintain an open mind on these disciplines, noting that quantitative methods are already being implemented by the industry.

Many researchers have summer positions for undergraduates that provide hands-on training, Craig wrote. In fact, Sofia [Alfonso] started in my lab as a PHGY 461 student and has continued as a research assistant since.

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Methods of quantitative modeling revolutionize drug development - McGill Tribune

Study: Temperature Scanners of Limited Value in Detecting COVID-19 – Pharmacy Times

A new study published in Experimental Physiology suggests that taking temperature readings of a persons fingertip and eye would give a significantly better and more reliable reading and help identify those with fever compared to a full body scan.

"If scanners are not giving an accurate reading, we run the risk of falsely excluding people from places they may want, or need, to go, and we also risk allowing people with the virus to spread the undetected infection they have," said professor Mike Tipton, University of Portsmouth, in a press release.

The study discovered 4 key factors, including:

The researchers found that a significant proportion of those with COVID-19 do not have a fever, and fewer than half of those admitted to the hospital with suspected COVID-19 had a fever. Although the majority of positive cases go on to develop a high temperature after being admitted to the hospital, they were infectious before their temperature soared, according to the study authors.

"We think we can improve the identification of the presence of fever using the same kit but looking at the difference between eye and finger temperatureit's not perfect, but it is potentially better and more reliable, Tipton said in a press release.

A change in deep body temperature is a critical factor in diagnosing disease with as little as a 1-degree increase indicating a potential disease. The many methods of detecting deep body temperature are either expensive, invasive, or time-consuming to be widely used outside of the hospital setting, according to the study authors.

A previous study in 2005 that compared forehead temperatures with 3 different infrared thermometers gave different temperatures for 1000 people, ranging from 31 C to 35.6 C. The infrared thermometer measurements alone varied by as much as 2 C. Another study found that more than 80% of 500 people tested using infrared gave a false negative result.

Such differences in skin temperature could be due to multiple reasons, including whether the individual has recently exercised, has an infection, sunburn, how close an individual stands to a scanner, and even blood pressure, according to the study.

REFERENCETemperature scanners of limited value in detecting COVID-19. EurekAlert! https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-01/tps-tso011421.php. Published January 14, 2021. January 15, 2021.

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Study: Temperature Scanners of Limited Value in Detecting COVID-19 - Pharmacy Times

Re: Covid-19: physiology is ignored in vitamin D’s role in treatment and prevention – The BMJ

Dear Editor

It appears that the decision makers advising the medical profession are ignorant of the physiology of D3 and have come up with advice on D3 supplementation that guarantees a large percentage of the UK population fail to reach even half-physiological serum 25(OH)D3. It bears repeating that D3 is not a drug whose lowest effective dose can be decided only by RCT. Rather, D3 is a pleiotropic hormone with a defined physiological serum level of pro-hormone 25(OH)D3. The physiological level was defined by researchers several years ago, and championed by the late Robert Heaney MD, whose work is summarised here https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07315724.2015.1039866 and in a lecture (Vitamin D, Sunshine, Optimal Health: Putting it all Together, 12/09/2014, University of California Television San Diego).

The physiological serum 25(OH)D3 is between 100 and 150 nmol/L. Adherence to advice from supposed expert panels has left the UK population with an annualised mean level of just under 50 nmol/L. Our innate immune system has evolved over 500 million years and is regulated epigenomically by D3: https://www3.uef.fi/documents/696977/913295/2019-12.pdf/56c69648-7e9f-48.... A strong argument can be made that sub-physiological D3 and impaired innate immunity is a driver of the pandemic.

I find, personally, that my serum 25 (OH)D3 reaches a physiological level of 140 nmol/L with a daily supplement of 4000 IU D3. The maximal, physiological rate of production by sunlight on skin is 10 to 20,000 IU pd

From a physiological perspective advising 400 IU pd has no basis in science.

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Re: Covid-19: physiology is ignored in vitamin D's role in treatment and prevention - The BMJ

Are Organic Foods More Nutritious? – American Council on Science and Health

Plants are autotrophic, utilizing the basic elements of minerals, carbon dioxide, water, energized by sunlight through photosynthesis, to create the wide gamut of molecules they need to support their growth, including all vitamins. A crops' vitamin content is based upon the plant's genetics and the conditions it is grown in. If the growing conditions are the same, and soil composition equivalent, a tomato's nutrient content will be the same whether grown "organically" or conventionally.

Crop production specialists have several tools at their disposal to make sure that the soil is appropriately managed and the growing conditions are optimal. This management process includes soil testing and fertilization when necessary to ensure the soil has adequate minerals to grow a crop and obtain sufficient yields per acre and quality of produce. Farming operations routinely conduct a soil test to evaluate soil conditions and to amend whatever is needed. Additionally, they perform a plant tissue petiole test, which examines the plant's tissue to make sure the plant is healthy and taking up the appropriate nutrients from the soil. In the absence of adequate minerals, there would be very noticeable changes in both the plant and the produce's physical structure. As an example, below is an image of a tomato grown in calcium-deficient soil and cauliflower grown in boron deficient soil.

Appropriate mineral composition of the soil can be readily achieved; there is nothing magical about the organic methods. The tomato plant's root system will just as readily absorb and utilize synthetic minerals from fertilizers as it would minerals from manure or other forms of compost. An easily understood analogy would be an individual with iron deficiency anemia a low red blood count because of iron deficiency in their diet. Does the treating physician prescribe large amounts of red meat, an organic source of iron, or a synthetic source of iron in the form of a supplement? Our small intestines will not differentiate between the two sources of iron. The absorptive surface area of the small intestine, as the absorptive surface area of the tomato's roots, will readily absorb either source because the structure of the needed molecule, in this case, iron, is the same. The tomato root system is looking for a specified structure, not its source.

This basic plant physiology is why all well-controlled studies, utilizing identical growing conditions, will never find any significant nutrient differences that would contribute to one's health between organics and conventionally grown crops. As an example, some organics may have slightly higher levels of various antioxidant phytochemicals. This results from the organic crops' higher stress levels during growth, initiating greater antioxidant protection from oxidizing molecules due to less crop protection methods used by conventional farming. However, does this slightly higher antioxidant level equate to better health for the consumer? For a brief review of this point, see the past article on this issue.

Let's say theoretically that an organically grown orange contained 10% more vitamin C than a conventionally grown one. A large orange contains roughly 97 mg of vitamin C, more than enough to maintain the maximum storage capacity of vitamin C of 1500 mg. Our theoretical organic orange would have 10% more than this, roughly 107mg. However, as pointed out here, vitamin C intake above 100mg would result in an enhanced secretion due to the body's inability to utilize it or store it. Even if, theoretically, the organic orange contained more vitamin C than the conventionally grown one, would it make any impact on your health? The obvious answer is no. It would be analogous to having a full fuel tank and then continuing to attempt to add more. More is not better; it's just more. Just as your vehicle normally runs on a quarter tank of fuel, your physiological needs for any nutrient are met from far below maximum storage levels. Maximum storage only reflects what the body can safely store and draw upon during periods of lower intakes, prior to the nutrient being excreted or potentially toxic. Maximum storage is not equivalent to maximum health.

"From a systematic review of the currently available published literature, evidence is lacking for nutrition-related health effects that result from the consumption of organically produced foodstuffs." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition [1]

The Danish Research Centre for Organic Farming funded a study to determine the nutritional value of organics versus conventional foods by the Department of Human Nutrition at the University of Copenhagen. The study's purpose was to determine if there were any differentiation between the resulting major and trace element content of the two cultivation methods. They studied five different crops, carrots, kale, mature peas, apples, and potatoes. All were cultivated organically and conventionally under the same conditions. As the study leader, Dr. Susanne Bugel, states, they were "No systematic differences between the crops." [2] The study did not support the belief that organically grown produce is nutritionally superior.

[1] Nutrition-related health effects of organic foods: a systematic review American Journal of Clinical Nutrition DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29269

[2] S. Bugel, et al. Effect of plant cultivation methods on content of major and trace elements in foodstuffs and retention in rats. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (2008), Vol. 88, pp. 2161-72. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.3328

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Are Organic Foods More Nutritious? - American Council on Science and Health