Category Archives: Physiology

This is what happens to your body over months in isolation – CNN International

Being homebound for so long contorts the body, weakens the heart and lungs and even impairs brain function. The effects of life in isolation may stay with us beyond the pandemic's end (whenever that may be).

This is what half a year of isolation, staying home and staying sedentary can do to your body.

A week homebound, whether you're working, eating or sleeping, may feel comforting and necessary. But all the inactivity can undo hard-won progress.

That's because it can take months to build muscle and just one week to lose it. Humans, for all of our hardiness, also lose muscle more quickly the older we get, said Keith Baar, a professor of molecular exercise physiology at the University of California - Davis.

When you lose muscle, you're not necessarily losing bulk, but you are losing strength, which Baar said is one of the "strongest indicators" of how long you'll live.

"The stronger we stay, the easier it is for us to maintain our longevity."

If you're not exercising, you're not raising your heart rate. And when your heart isn't pumping as hard, it gets weaker, Baar said.

The same thing happens to your lungs when you're inactive, said Dr. Panagis Galiatsatos, a pulmonologist from Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center. He said many of his patients have felt their breathing function deteriorate because they're no longer conditioned to exercise.

People with poor lung health are already considered more susceptible to coronavirus because it's a respiratory illness, so they're likely staying home to reduce their risk of infection. But if they're not moving and increasing blood flow to their lungs, then their preexisting condition might harm them anyway.

Exercise is the only key to improve both heart and lung function -- "Not a single medication can do that," Galiatsatos said. If it's not safe to leave the house, Baar recommends dancing or finding household objects for home strength training -- think milk jug deadlifts.

If you're home all day, every day, you're likely feet away from your pantry. Depending on your perspective, that's either convenient or dangerous.

With such easy access, your "feeding" window, or the period of time during which you eat most of your meals, might widen from 10 or 12 hours every day to 15 hours a day-- more than half the day, which could cause your insulin levels to spike. Insulin encourages fat storage and converting other fat molecules to fat, said Giles Duffield, an associate professor of anatomy and physiology at the University of Notre Dame who studies circadian rhythms and metabolism, among other subjects.

Excessive eating is also an issue because, at the beginning of the pandemic, many people stocked up on nonperishable foods in case of supply shortages, Duffield said. Many nonperishable foods are highly processed and rich in sugars and starches.

Weight gain during periods of intense stress is normal, and 2020 has been unrelentingly stressful. Weight gain becomes dangerous, though, when it turns into obesity. Then, your body might start to resist insulin, and chronic health issues like metabolic illness or diabetes may develop, Duffield said.

We all have a seated position we subconsciously sink into -- slumped forward, shoulders hunched; spine curled, neck bent; on your chest, elbows up.

But sitting and lying down all day can seriously affect your posture and strain your back, neck, shoulders, hips and eyes, said Brandon Brown, an epidemiologist and associate professor in the Center for Healthy Communities at the University of California - Riverside.

Brown suggests getting up from your seat once an hour, walking around and stretching for a moment. You might even lie on the floor and "let your back readjust," he said.

At least half of all Americans are skimping on vitamin D, which sustains bone density and keeps fatigue at bay. You're definitely one of them if you spend most of your day at home, curtains drawn, Duffield said.

Getting enough sunlight in the morning helps synchronize your body's circadian rhythm, Duffield said. So if you're shut in all week or working in the dark, your sleep might suffer, too.

Brown said as long as you're going on walks or exercising, doing yard work or other activities that drag you outside for a bit, you won't need to worry about getting enough sunlight. If you're unable to get out of the house or the weather won't permit you to, an artificial bright light can help your body retune in the morning, Duffield said, as can avoiding blue lights at night.

A sedentary lifestyle can slow your brain, too.

Exercise produces certain chemicals in the brain that break down toxins in the blood and even prevent them from going to the brain, where they can kill brain cells, Baar said.

Not exercising means you won't as efficiently break down amino acid byproducts that wind up as neurotoxins in the brain.

The effects of isolation are insidious -- like the pandemic, the physical symptoms after months of seclusion often aren't obvious until they become harmful or extreme.

It's possible, too, to stave off those symptoms before they set in for good.

Prioritizing your mental and physical health while staying home requires some work, but it's a healthier coping mechanism for uncertainty than staying stationary until Covid-19 is no longer a threat, health experts say. And when it's safe to live fully again, you'll be prepared.

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This is what happens to your body over months in isolation - CNN International

New research offers guidance on how often you should feed your cat – CTV News

Those piteous, all-day, I'm-so-hungry meows from your cat may not be the best guide to keeping it healthy, new research suggests.

A paper by animal health experts at the University of Guelph says cats do just fine when fed once a day -- and may even become healthier.

"I don't know why people are so set on cats having to eat multiple small meals a day," said co-author Adronie Verbrugghe.

After all, cats in the wild -- lions for example -- eat one large meal and then nothing for days.

"They're almost like dogs."

What would happen if Fluffy got her kibble in one go instead of several? Verbrugghe asked.

"There wasn't really any (research) out there that related to physiology or biochemistry."

So she and her colleagues kept careful track of eight healthy cats' activity and internal chemistry over 21 days. Four were fed once daily; the others four times. Both groups were given equal calories.

Verbrugghe found the one-meal cats had higher levels of hormones that are released when hunger has been satisfied.

"That could show they were more sated compared to the cats that were fed multiple meals," she said.

The one-meal cats also seemed to be burning more fat and showed higher levels of amino acids -- the building blocks of muscle -- than the multiple-meal cats.

The cats fed four times a day were more active, Verbrugghe said. But that doesn't mean they were burning more calories.

"When we looked at the energy expenditure, there was no difference."

Obesity is a big problem in house cats, Verbrugghe said. One meal a day could be one way of controlling that -- although she acknowledges that food plan wouldn't be acceptable to all cats.

"This is one extra tool," Verbrugghe said. "We cannot do cookie-cutter medicine. We have to create a plan for every individual animal."

But she added that demanding multiple meals is learned behaviour in some cats. It can be a way of getting attention from their owner.

"Many people are feeding multiple small meals because they want to show that they love their animals," said Verbrugghe. "I would definitely replace a meal with interacting with the animal -- giving them some cuddles, playing with them."

Cats love routine and frequent feeding may simply be part of that.

"That's how they're used to being served food," Verbrugghe said. "Other cats may have a natural grazer habit. I don't know what the reason is for that."

Sometimes, the problem behaviour is human. With many small meals, it's easy to lose track of how much food Fluffy is actually getting -- especially when children are doing the feeding.

"That could very quickly lead to weight gain."

Despite the long mutual history between humans and cats, Verbrugghe said there's still much to learn about feline physiology. People make assumptions about what their furry friends do and how they behave that aren't necessarily backed by science.

"There's still a lot of things we don't know yet. We still extrapolate a lot from other animals or humans."

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 23, 2020

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New research offers guidance on how often you should feed your cat - CTV News

Preclinical Software for Physiology Data Assessment and Animal Supervision Market: COVID-19 Business Continuity Plan | Evolving Opportunities with…

LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The global preclinical software for physiology data assessment and animal supervision market is expected to grow by USD 2.97 million as per Technavio. This marks a significant market slow down compared to the 2019 growth estimates due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the first half of 2020. However, steady growth is expected to continue throughout the forecast period, and the market is expected to grow at a CAGR of over 5%.

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Read the 120-page report with TOC on "Preclinical Software for Physiology Data Assessment and Animal Supervision Market Analysis Report by End-user (Industrial labs and CROs and Academic, government, and research labs), Geography (North America, Europe, Asia, and ROW), and the Segment Forecasts, 2020-2024". Gain competitive intelligence about market leaders. Track key industry opportunities, trends and threats. Information on marketing, brand, strategy and market development, sales and supply functions. https://www.technavio.com/report/preclinical-software-for-physiology-data-assessment-and-animal-supervision-market-industry-analysis

The preclinical software for physiology data assessment and animal supervision market is driven by the emerging role of bioinformatics tools and software in preclinical research. In addition, the rising digitalization in preclinical research is anticipated to boost the growth of the preclinical software for physiology data assessment and animal supervision market.

Bioinformatics tools are widely used in various stages of drug development such as secondary research, managing data during clinical trials, and expanding knowledge related to human disease and overall health. These tools are also extensively used during preclinical research for randomization in planning the study design and eliminating glitches. The growing prevalence of various chronic diseases such as cancer, hepatitis, HIV, and others has increased the need for effective therapeutics. This has significantly increased the use of bioinformatics tools and software in preclinical researches. All these factors are contributing to the growth of the global preclinical software for physiology data assessment and animal supervision market.

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Major Five Preclinical Software for Physiology Data Assessment and Animal Supervision Companies:

ADInstruments Pty Ltd.

ADInstruments Pty Ltd. operates its business through a unified product segment. The company offers LabChart for Research. This software groups the channel calculations, reports, and plots to gain insights for each application, both in humans and in animals or in vitro.

BIOPAC Systems Inc.

BIOPAC Systems Inc. operates its business through segments such as Research, Education, and Consumables. The company offers AcqKnowledge which is an interactive, intuitive program that allows instant viewing, measuring, transformation, replay, and analysis of data.

emka TECHNOLOGIES

emka TECHNOLOGIES operates its business through a unified segment. The company offers IOX2 Data Acquisition & Analysis Software. This software allows researchers to acquire, analyze, view, and store data generated during an experiment.

ETISENSE SAS

ETISENSE SAS operates its business through a Unified segment. The company offers DECRO-LASA Software. This software gives full control on data processing with a display at every stage of the analysis and capability to export raw data and analyzed parameters.

Harvard Bioscience Inc.

Harvard Bioscience Inc. operates its business through a unified segment. The company offers Ponemah Software, which is used by physiologists, pharmacologists, and toxicologists to confidently collect, accurately analyze, and quickly summarize data acquired from preclinical research.

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Preclinical Software for Physiology Data Assessment and Animal Supervision Market End-user Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2020-2024)

Preclinical Software for Physiology Data Assessment and Animal Supervision Market Geography Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2020-2024)

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Preclinical Software for Physiology Data Assessment and Animal Supervision Market: COVID-19 Business Continuity Plan | Evolving Opportunities with...

AI Aids DOD in Early Detection of COVID-19 – Department of Defense

The Defense Threat Reduction Agency and Defense Innovation Unit are applying commercial technology for early detection of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, which causes the COVID-19 coronavirus disease.

That technology is known as Rapid Analysis of Threat Exposure, or RATE, and it consists of non-invasive, wearable devices that provide early warning of infection up to 48 hours before a person becomes symptomatic, helping ensure military readiness, and protect against the threat of further spread of the disease, said DTRA Science and Technology Manager Ed Argenta.

Just like the ''check engine''warning that comes on in a car, said DIU Human Systems Director Dr. Christian Whitchurch, the system is designed to alert service personnel that something is wrong, leading them to pursue early diagnostic testing with their physician and then treatment.

RATE integrates consumer commercial-of-the-shelf wearables to measure key biomarkers. That data is then processed in the cloud to allow users to see their hourly RATE score through a secure website, he noted.

Data from 165 different biomarkers is collected by RATE and that data is then processed in the cloud to allow users to see their hourly RATE score through a secure website, he noted.

The innovative technology uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to increase effectiveness of detection, he added

Using RATE, researchers discovered that exposure to infectious agents causes subtle changes in people's physiology before they experience symptoms. Identifying these changes early in the infection is critical to containing the spread, as asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic individuals don't yet show signs of infection, and can unwittingly spread the disease to others, Argenta said. An early warning solution could potentially alert people to their possible infection, and enable them to quarantine and change their behaviors sooner to avoid infecting others.

The RATE model was trained via AI and ML on 293,109 participants, including 256,320 controls and 36,782 with known hospital acquired infections and correlated to these common attributes: temperature, pulse oximeter and cardiac measures, he explained.

Dr. Joe Frassica, the chief medical officer and head of Philips Research North America, the company assisting DTRA, said ''As we continue to get new data from monitored cases of COVID-19, we will be able to refine the RATE-COVID algorithm in the near future. We hope that this will not only allow us to protect people from contracting the disease, but to also intervene early and treat those who are infected.''

Whitchurch said developing RATE began in March 2018, and it did test for another coronavirus, SARS, as well as pneumonia in that DTRA/DIU development prototype. As the effort quickly pivoted in 2020 to identifying COVID-19, the CARES Act provided additional funding for a total of $7 million to refine the technology.

The Defense Department is set to oversee an extensive rollout of RATE devices to nearly 5,000 people in the coming weeks, Whitchurch said. The Navy, Office of the Secretary of Defense and DTRA and DIU personnel began receiving RATE devices in June. U.S. Northern Command is receiving RATE devices this month and the U.S. Military Academy is slated to receive theirs next month.

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AI Aids DOD in Early Detection of COVID-19 - Department of Defense

From students to faculty: Alumni use their W&M experiences to teach the next generation – William & Mary News

Natoya Haskins Ph.D. 11, Associate Professor, School of Education: After growing up in Williamsburg, Haskins wanted to go a little farther from home for her undergraduate degree. When it came time to get her Ph.D., she knew she wanted to come back to William & Mary for its strong school counseling program. Photo by Stephen Salpukas

by Claire De Lisle, University Advancement | September 22, 2020

Whats it like to see William & Mary from both sides of the classroom as a student and then as a faculty member? In fall 2020, there were 50 faculty members in a wide variety of departments who are also undergraduate or graduate alumni of William & Mary.

Three alumni faculty members Daniel Maliniak 06, Natoya Haskins Ph.D. 11 and M. Brennan Harris 93 shared how their experiences as W&M students influence their teaching today.

Maliniak feels like he has come full circle. His journey to becoming a William & Mary professor began with a situation familiar to many students this year a pandemic interrupted his travel plans.

He was supposed to teach English in Vietnam during the summer between his freshman and sophomore years. Unfortunately, the SARS outbreak in southeast Asia prompted a travel ban. He went back to the professors who had given him letters of recommendation for the program to let them know.

My econ professor asked me if I had any interest in staying at W&M over the summer and doing research, he said. I thought, Im a freshman; I dont really know what research is or how I could be helpful, but sure!

He found himself working with Economics Professor Sarah Stafford (now also chair of the department) and another alumnus, Government Professor Mike Tierney 87, M.A. 88 (now the George & Mary Hylton Professor of International Relations and co-director of the Global Research Institute). He became a double major in economics and government and continued doing research semester after semester.

That summer changed everything. I realized all the incredible opportunities research could bring, he said. I thought it was really interesting and inspiring to add to what we knew about the world to stand on the shoulders of giants.

As Maliniaks graduation neared, Tierney encouraged him to consider a Ph.D. and perhaps become a professor. Maliniak went on to graduate school at the University of California, San Diego, then started applying for faculty jobs and found his way back to where his love of research all began.

This semester, hes co-teaching Introduction to Environmental Science and Policy with Doug DeBerry M.A. 89, Ph.D. 06, another W&M alumnus who is now a visiting assistant professor. Hes also teaching Global Environmental Governance. Both his classes are remote synchronous this semester, and his students are tuning in from all over the world.

Hes continuing a wide variety of research projects with students and postdocs, including looking at racial gerrymandering, the publics perception of environmental science issues and the promotion of democracy in the country of Georgia.

Maliniaks experience as a W&M undergraduate showed him just how important one-on-one interactions with professors can be in a students life. He serves as a first-year advisor and enjoys the opportunity to encourage students to take classes that he himself took as an undergraduate, sometimes with the same professors he had as a student.

It also showed him the importance of including students who may not have a 4.0 GPA in research.

I know the high quality of William & Mary students, so when I started teaching here I knew I could jump right into research with them, he said. Students who may not perform well on exams can shine in a lab or social science setting. Ive tried to recruit students into my research from a range of disciplines and learning styles to make sure they have these opportunities.

After growing up in Williamsburg, Haskins wanted to go a little farther from home for her undergraduate degree. She received her Bachelor of Science from James Madison University, then continued on to Virginia Commonwealth University and Virginia Union University for two masters degrees.

When it came time to get her Ph.D., though, she knew she wanted to come back to William & Mary for its strong school counseling program.

I was the only Black student in my cohort. In some ways, it was challenging, but it also allowed me to build a foundation as an expert in my subject area and break new ground, she said. Its been a great opportunity to be able to come back home and give back to my program and my community.

Haskins research focuses on the experiences of underrepresented students and faculty in counseling education. Drawing from her research and her own experience teaching at both the University of Georgia and William & Mary, she is continually looking for ways to support fellow Black women students, postdocs and faculty. For example, this October, she is launching a virtual affinity group for Black doctoral students nationwide.

We still have so much work to do to support our underrepresented faculty at research institutions, she said. It continues to be part of my journey and the work I do.

This semester, Haskins is teaching Advanced Theories and Qualitative Methods classes for doctoral students and an internship class for masters students. She also teaches Advanced Social Justice and Multicultural Counseling for doctoral students, which is a course she created and is now a requirement for the school counseling program.

Its one of those things that I wish Id had when I was a doc student, she said. Being able to come in and add to the educational experience has been one of the most rewarding pieces of coming back.

Haskins also directs the Social Justice and Diversity Graduate Research Fellows program, which supports and provides mentorship for graduate students conducting research in the areas of social justice and diversity.

This particular area of research is sadly one that tends to be marginalized, minimized and sometimes even invalidated as a rigorous type of research, Haskins said. So, we provide training and a supportive community for our students, and we bring in outside experts who are doing this type of research to share their perspectives.

This year, with the national spotlight focused on racial injustice nationwide, Haskins received more applications than ever from both white and underrepresented students who are interested in pursuing social justice research. And, as the pandemic moved classes and activities online, she also has been able to involve more nontraditional students, including those enrolled in online-only programs.

Shes found her discussions with students are just as rich in an online environment.

Racial issues are something that were talking about just about every class, she said. At this point it feels very natural, just talking about things that are happening around us, the impact that it has on us and our clients. At the department level, too, were having courageous conversations, and those spill over into our classrooms.

She also represents her fellow faculty members on the Faculty Assembly, where she says the tough conversations about diversity and equity continue.

Ive been heartened to see how President Katherine Rowe has really pushed the envelope in addressing diversity among the faculty, and Im excited to see who we become over the next five to 10 years, she said. We are becoming it, not just saying it.

Harris jokes that after growing up in Kansas and touring colleges in cold climates, William & Mary was the warmest and best choice for his undergraduate education.

It certainly worked out at William & Mary, he discovered his passion for kinesiology, met and married his wife, Terri Hamlett Harris 93, and embarked on a career inspiring the next generation of students.

He got off to a bit of a rocky start, though, training for triathlons instead of focusing on classes for his physics major. His advisor, Professor Hans von Baeyer, encouraged him to consider classes in what was then the physical education department and then changed to kinesiology his sophomore year (now health sciences). Harris ignored him until the second semester of his sophomore year, when he took a kinesiology class with Professor John Charles.Harris was hooked so much so that he changed his major to kinesiology and decided to go to graduate school in the subject.

My undergrad advisor in kinesiology was Professor Ken Kambis, who just retired this year. Before I graduated W&M, I asked him, You have a great job. What do I have to do to get your job? He told me to pursue the best research and the best academics, and he continued to advise me every step of the way, Harris said.

After a masters from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, a Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin and then postdoc in vascular biology at the Medical College of Georgia, Harris was hired into William & Marys faculty.

Now, he teaches Exercise Physiology, a class he took over about 15 years ago from his recently retired mentor, Kambis.

I felt really well prepared for my masters because of Kens course, Harris said. So I teach this course like a masters level class at other universities. Our students do us proud when they go on to their next steps.

He also teaches a first-year seminar titled Physiology of the Marathon, which is a writing-intensive course in the COLL Curriculum. As a student, he was in the pilot program for those seminars, and he saw firsthand how they can give students the tools they need to be successful in their educations.

I dont enjoy writing; Id much prefer to be moving, he said. I know there are students like me at William & Mary today, so I thought, How can I reach them? So I made my topic the physiology of the marathon something they wouldnt mind thinking and reading about, so they want to write.

One of his freshman seminar professors was George Greenia from the modern languages department, with whom Harris now works on research about the physical effects of walking pilgrimages through the Institute of Pilgrimage Studies.

Harris is also the principal investigator of the Molecular & Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory at William & Mary and continues to collaborate with Kambis at the Jack Borgenicht Hypoxia/Altitude Physiology Research Facility. Although human subject research is on hold during the pandemic, he continues to work with students on background research, planning and grant writing.

Over time, Harris has seen the his department transition from kinesiology to health sciences expanding its focus on nutrition and public health, as well as increase research opportunities for students. He is thankful to be part of it.

My wife and I, we love it here. We are glad we had the opportunity to come back, he said. W&M represents the sweet spot between doing research and teaching.

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From students to faculty: Alumni use their W&M experiences to teach the next generation - William & Mary News

New Research Illuminates Dominant Functions of Sleep and How They Change Through Our Lives | Medicine, Physiology – Sci-News.com

Before the age of 2 or 3 years, the human brain grows very rapidly and, during REM sleep, is busy building and strengthening synapses. After 2 or 3 years, however, sleeps primary purpose switches from brain building to brain maintenance and repair, a role it maintains for the rest of our lives, according to new research led by the University of California, Los Angeles.

Cao et al show that differences in sleep across phylogeny and during late ontogeny (after 2 or 3 years in humans) are primarily due to sleep functioning for repair or clearance, while changes in sleep during early ontogeny (before 2 or 3 years) primarily support neural reorganization and learning. Image credit: Sweet Briar College.

All animals naturally experience a certain amount of neurological damage during waking hours, and the resulting debris, including damaged genes and proteins within neurons, can build up and cause brain disease.

Sleep helps repair this damage and clear the debris essentially decluttering the brain and taking out the trash that can lead to serious illness.

Nearly all of this brain repair occurs during sleep, said study senior author Professor Van Savage, a researcher in the Departments of Computational Medicine and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Santa Fe Institute.

I was shocked how huge a change this is over a short period of time, and that this switch occurs when were so young. Its a transition that is analogous to when water freezes to ice.

Professor Savage and colleagues from the University of Texas at Austin, the University of Minnesota, Santa Fe Institute, Imperial College London, and the University of California, Los Angeles conducted the most comprehensive statistical analysis of sleep to date, using data from more than 60 sleep studies involving humans and other mammals.

The scientists examined data on sleep throughout development including total sleep time, REM sleep time, brain size and body size and built and tested a mathematical model to explain how sleep changes with brain and body size.

The data were remarkably consistent: all species experienced a dramatic decline in REM sleep when they reached the human developmental equivalent of about 2.5 years of age.

The fraction of time spent in REM sleep before and after that point was roughly the same, whether the researchers studied rabbits, rats, pigs or humans.

The authors found that REM sleep decreases with the growth in brain size throughout development.

While newborns spend about 50% of their sleep time in REM sleep, that falls to about 25% by the age of 10 and continues to decrease with age.

Adults older than 50 spend approximately 15% of their time asleep in REM.

The significant dropoff in REM sleep at about 2.5 years happens just as the major change in the function of sleep occurs, said study co-author Professor Gina Poe, a researcher in the Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology at the University of California, Los Angeles.

For most adults, a regular 7.5 hours of sleep a night is normal and time lying awake doesnt count, she said.

While children need more sleep, babies need much more, roughly twice as much as adults.

The large percentage of REM sleep in babies is in stark contrast to the amount of REM sleep observed in adult mammals across an enormous range of brain sizes and body sizes.

Adult humans have five REM cycles during a full night of sleep and can have a few dreams in each cycle.

A good nights sleep is excellent medicine. And its free, she added.

The results were published in the September 18, 2020 issue of the journal Science Advances.

_____

Junyu Cao et al. 2020. Unraveling why we sleep: Quantitative analysis reveals abrupt transition from neural reorganization to repair in early development. Science Advances 6 (38): eaba0398; doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aba0398

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New Research Illuminates Dominant Functions of Sleep and How They Change Through Our Lives | Medicine, Physiology - Sci-News.com

AI-Based Digital Biomarker Could Assist in Early Intervention in High-Risk COVID-19 Patients – HospiMedica

Image: AI-Based Digital Biomarker Could Assist in Early Intervention in High-Risk COVID-19 Patients (Photo courtesy of Business Wire)

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH Bethesda, MA, USA) have awarded a contract to PhysIQ (Chicago, IL, USA) to develop an AI-based COVID-19 Decompensation Index (CDI) Digital Biomarker to address the rapid decline of high-risk COVID-19 patients. The new early warning system under development could allow providers to intervene sooner when a COVID-19 patient is clinically surveilled from home and begins to worsen. Rather than relying on point measurements, such as temperature and SpO2, that are known to be lagging or insensitive indicators of COVID-19 decompensation, continuous multi-parameter vital signs will be used to establish a targeted biomarker for COVID-19.

PhysIQ will develop and validate a CDI algorithm that builds off existing wearable biosensor-derived analytics generated by physIQs pinpointIQ end-to-end cloud platform for continuous monitoring of physiology. The data will be gathered through a clinical study of COVID-19 positive patients and build upon work already in-place for monitoring COVID-19 patients convalescing at home. For patients who participate in the program, physiological data will be collected before and after their admission to the hospital.

In the development phase of this project, physIQ and its clinical partner will monitor participants who are confirmed COVID-19 positive, whether recovering at home or following a discharge from the hospital. During the validation phase, physIQ will evaluate lead time to event statistics, decompensation severity assessments, and the ability for CDI to predict decompensation severity. The study is designed to capture data from a large, diverse population to investigate CDI performance differences among subgroups based on sex/gender and racial/ethnic characteristics. The project will not only enable the development and validation of the CDI, but also collect rich clinical data correlative with outcomes and symptomology related to COVID-19 infection. The index will build on physIQs prior FDA-cleared, AI-based multivariate change index (MCI) that has amassed more than 1.5 million hours of physiologic data, supporting development of this targeted digital biomarker for COVID-19.

Despite the technological advances and attention paid to COVID-19, the healthcare community is still monitoring patient vitals the very same way as we did in the 1800s, said Steven Steinhubl MD, Director of Digital Medicine at Scripps Translational Science Institute (STSI) and a physIQ advisor. With the advances in digital technology, AI and wearable biosensors, we can deliver personalized medicine remotely giving caregivers new tools to proactively address this pandemic. For that reason alone, this decision by the NIH has the potential to have a monumental impact on our healthcare system and how we manage COVID-19 patients.

Related Links:The National Institutes of Health (NIH)PhysIQ

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AI-Based Digital Biomarker Could Assist in Early Intervention in High-Risk COVID-19 Patients - HospiMedica

NMSU researcher co-authors article on damaging effects of social isolation due to COVID-19 – Las Cruces Bulletin

By Adriana M. Chavez

While scientists and doctors are still working to understand the virus that causes COVID-19, the pandemic has also had many indirect effects on the health of people working remotely while in isolation.

A group of researchers from Australia and the U.S., including New Mexico State University, recently co-authored an article for the International Journal of Sports Science offering tips to increase physical activity, which will not only benefit physical health but mental health as well.

Joseph Berning, interim head of the Department of Kinesiology and Dance in NMSUs College of Education, co-authored COVID-19: Sedentary Isolation A Bad Combination. The article states that before the COVID-19 virus outbreak was declared a pandemic in March by the World Health Organization, people were already living mostly sedentary lifestyles.

While some people have bits and pieces of exercise equipment laying around at home, most do not and find themselves developing cabin fever staying at home, Berning said. The walls may seem to be closing in around you, which can be a source of stress in and of itself. Often times, unfortunately, when boredom or stress works its way into our lives, we tend to binge eat. Before you know it, youve gained five to 10 pounds of fat weight, the exact opposite of the definition of good health.

Berning and the articles co-authors have experience in higher education and research in applied and clinical exercise physiology for almost three decades each. Berning said he and his colleagues have adopted health and wellness as a lifestyle and exercise is a part of their normal daily routines.

When COVID-19 set in, nothing changed for each of us and our training routines, Berning said. In fact, because so many of us are working from home, we found we could actually increase workouts.

However, Berning and his colleagues have had to adapt to more time in front of their computers as online meetings have become the norm.

Online hasnt always made things easier and an argument can be made that online has actually created more meetings and therefore decreased our physical movement, Berning said. I admit, I find myself standing behind a computer from morning to night, and often seven days a week. I know the only way to combat this is to force yourself to get out and move.

According to the article, social isolation has been recognized to have a profound impact on health and longevity. Anxiety, depression, dementia and Alzheimers disease, among other mental health issues, have been shown to be related to social isolation. Major chronic diseases such as high blood pressure, obesity and weakened immune systems are also exacerbated by social isolation.

Our body was designed to work, be active and move, Berning said. We know relative to positive health, people who perform regular daily exercise live longer, experience less damaging health risks, experience fewer sick days per year, sleep better, perform better academically, decrease stress and maintain a higher quality of life.

Berning said that once people adopt physical exercise as a lifestyle, getting up to exercise isnt a forced activity, but a welcome one.

This research is so important because it reminds all of us that we need to keep moving, said Henrietta Pichon, interim dean of the College of Education. Hopefully, this can serve as a reminder to individuals that now is the best time to start or restart an exercise routine.

The article offers the following tips for physical activity: Move more, sit less. Accumulate at least 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity activity, such as walking briskly, dancing or general yard work; or 75 minutes a week of vigorous activity such as jogging, energetic dancing or heavy yard work. Perform muscle strengthening activities that involve all major muscle groups two to three days a week.

The bottom line: dont make excuses. Berning said. Get up and off the chair or couch several times a day if even for 10 minutes at a time. This isnt about the perfect exercise prescription. This is about being active and the mental and physical health benefits associated with human movement.

Phillip Post, interim associate dean for academics in the College of Education, said the work and recommendations made in the article by Berning and his colleagues are more important than ever.

Currently there is no medication that can do what exercise can do for the body and mind, Post said. We know that exercise enhances the immune system, cognitive functioning, physiological functioning and emotional well-being. Given COVID-19, we could all reap the benefits of moving more and regularly incorporating exercise into our daily routine. I hope our community reads and adopts Dr. Bernings physical activity recommendations.

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NMSU researcher co-authors article on damaging effects of social isolation due to COVID-19 - Las Cruces Bulletin

Regulatory T cells could lead to new immunotherapies aimed at treating multiple sclerosis – Newswise

Newswise Irvine, CA September 21, 2020 In a new University of California, Irvine-led study, researchers have discovered how regulatory T cells (Treg) are instrumental in limiting the damage caused to the spinal cord in diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS).

Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the results of the study help explain how Treg cells prevent autoimmunity and dampen immune responses, specifically the negative effects of type 17 helper T cells (Th17) which are known to drive the progression of several autoimmune diseases.

This new study, which builds on recent research that identified pathogenic Th17 cells and their role in the progression of several autoimmune diseases, showed how the inhibition of Th17 cells by Treg cells enabled partial recovery from paralysis. This finding demonstrates how autoimmune diseases may be effectively targeted using Treg-based cellular therapies.

We discovered a unique repetitive scanning motility by which Treg cells (the good guys) dampen calcium signaling in pathogenic Th17 cells (the bad guys), and help to resolve neuroinflammation and limit reactivation of Th17 cells in the spinal cord, explained Shivashankar Othy, PhD, lead author of the study with Amit Jairaman, PhD, both project scientists in the Cahalan Lab at UCI.

Senior author, Michael D. Cahalan, PhD, distinguished professor and chair of the Department of Physiology & Biophysics at the UCI School of Medicine, added, Building on our years of expertise in immunoimaging and calcium signaling, this study highlights Th17 and Treg cell interactions, their motility characteristics, and intracellular signaling, thus providing new insights into the pathophysiology of MS. Our results illustrate how a regulatory T cell-based immunotherapy may be instrumental in limiting demyelination in MS.

This research was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health.

About the UCI School of Medicine

Each year, the UCI School of Medicine educates more than 400 medical students, and nearly 150 doctoral and masters students. More than 700 residents and fellows are trained at UCI Medical Center and affiliated institutions. The School of Medicine offers an MD; a dual MD/PhD medical scientist training program; and PhDs and masters degrees in anatomy and neurobiology, biomedical sciences, genetic counseling, epidemiology, environmental health sciences, pathology, pharmacology, physiology and biophysics, and translational sciences. Medical students also may pursue an MD/MBA, an MD/masters in public health, or an MD/masters degree through one of three mission-based programs: the Health Education to Advance Leaders in Integrative Medicine (HEAL-IM), the Leadership Education to Advance Diversity-African, Black and Caribbean (LEAD-ABC), and the Program in Medical Education for the Latino Community (PRIME-LC). The UCI School of Medicine is accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Accreditation and ranks among the top 50 nationwide for research. For more information, visit som.uci.edu.

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Regulatory T cells could lead to new immunotherapies aimed at treating multiple sclerosis - Newswise

Physiq begins development of AI-based COVID-19 early warning system – BioWorld Online

The digital medicine company Physiq Inc. has received a contract from the NIH to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based index that can provide an early warning that a patient with COVID-19 is in decline and needs medical treatment.

The index, called the COVID-19 Decompensation Index (CDI) Digital Biomarker, is a personalized and multivariate AI-based algorithm that will run on Physiqs existing Accelerateiq computing platform, analyzing physiological data from FDA-cleared wearable devices to create a personalized baseline for patients who have tested positive for COVID-19. The technology then indicates changes in vital signs and results of the personalized baseline, producing the index that is used by medical personnel.

Chicago-based Physiq was one of seven companies and academic institutions to be awarded an NIH contract to develop digital health solutions to help address the COVID-19 pandemic.

The contracts were awarded in two phases, with an initial phase to demonstrate feasibility and a second phase for development. If all seven projects advance to the second phase, the total value of the contracts would be $22.8 million. Physiqs portion of the contract is worth $6.6 million. All companies have one year to complete the entire project.

The thing thats unique about our approach is we learn the patients unique physiology. This is not a population-based test, Gary Conkright, Physiqs CEO, told BioWorld. Instead, an N equals one approach to learning physiology allows us to see very subtle changes over time.

Building on existing index

Conkright said he anticipates that the company will be successful in developing the CDI because it builds on the companys existing FDA-cleared algorithm, the multivariate change index (MCI), which helps track health changes in patients with chronic disease. That technology has accumulated 1.5 million hours of physiologic data that is expected to assist in the development of the COVID-19 specific system.

This is going to work, were just trying to make it more specific and theres value in doing that, he said.

To develop and validate the CDI, Physiq has partnered with the University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System (UI Health) to monitor COVID-19 positive patients who are recovering at home.

During the development phase, COVID-19 positive patients who are sent home will receive a Physiq monitoring kit, which includes a smartphone with the Physiq app installed and wearable devices. The physiological information collected will be sent via cloud technology to advanced practice nurses from UI Health who can identify if a patients condition is deteriorating. Those nurses will contact patients who appear to be in decline and advise them about whether to go to the hospital for treatment.

The idea, Conkright said, is to get patients treatment before their condition becomes critical.

One of the horrible things about COVID is that it so subtly decreases physiological function that sometimes patients dont detect its getting worse until they are really in trouble, he said. By that time, it might be too late to prevent an intubation or worse.

During the validation phase for the technology, the company will evaluate lead time to event statistics, decompensation severity assessments and the ability of the CDI technology to predict decompensation severity.

During the development phase, the company plans to collect 400 patient datasets. They will collect an additional 1,200 patient datasets during the validation phase, Conkright said.

The goal there is to show how early and what kind of predictive power our index has, Conkright said.

The study, which is pending approved by the UI Health Institutional Review Board, is being designed to capture data from a large and diverse population to assess CDIs performance differences in subgroups, based on gender and racial/ethnic characteristics. Conkright said one of the reasons that UI Health was such an attractive partner for this project is that their patient population is racially diverse, with a large number of Black and Latinx patients.

Physiq is not new to the COVID-19 research space. The company has a separate study about to launch with UI Health to examine whether antihypertensive medications have a worsening effect on COVID-19 symptoms, specifically in Black and Latinx patients. Additionally, the company is working with the Department of Defense to collect data on military personnel with COVID-19.

Other COVID-19 digital tools

Along with Physiq, six other organizations received contracts from the NIH to test their COVID-19 digital health solutions.

Evidation Health Inc., based in San Mateo, Calif., is investigating a health measurement platform to analyze self-reported and wearable device data to both detect COVID-19 and differentiate it from influenza.

IBM, in Armonk, New York, is testing an integrated solution to support contact tracing and verifiable health status reporting.

Icrypt Inc., based in Santa Clara, Calif., is developing a smartphone-based platform to provide proof of testing, serologic, and vaccination status.

Shee Atik Enterprises LLC, based in Sitka, Alaska, is developing a smartphone-based platform aimed at supporting individuals in low-resource settings with a Bluetooth-enabled thermometer and pulse oximeter.

The University of California, San Francisco is investigating a GPS-based retroactive contact-tracing tool for COVID-19.

Vibrent Health, based in Fairfax, Va., is working on mobile applications, data integrations, and validated machine learning algorithms to identify COVID-19 and differentiate it from influenza, and to perform contact tracing.

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Physiq begins development of AI-based COVID-19 early warning system - BioWorld Online