Melanie Rutkowski, PhD, of the UVA School of Medicine and the UVA Cancer Center, studies how gut health affects breast cancer and its spread.

An unhealthy gut triggers changes in normal breast tissue that helpsbreast cancerspread to other parts of the body, new research from UVA Cancer Center reveals.

The gut microbiome the collection of microbes that naturally live inside us can be disrupted by poor diet, long-term antibiotic use, obesity or other factors. When this happens, the ailing microbiome reprograms important immune cells in healthy breast tissue, called mast cells, to facilitate cancers spread, UVA Healths new discovery shows.

The finding could help scientists develop ways to keep breast cancer from metastasizing (spreading to other parts of the body). When it does, it is often deadly: Only 29% of women with metastatic breast cancer survive five years; for men with metastatic breast cancer, that figure is just 22%.

The discovery could also let doctors predict which patients are at greatest risk of cancer recurrence after treatment, the UVA scientists say.

We show gut commensal dysbiosis, an unhealthy and inflammatory gut microbiome, systemically changes the mammary tissues of mice that do not have cancer. The tissue changes enhance infiltration of mast cells that, in the presence of a tumor, facilitate breast tumor metastasis, said researcher Melanie R. Rutkowski, PhD, of UVA Cancer Center and the University of Virginia School of Medicine. Mast cells recruited into the tissue environment during dysbiosis restructure the tissue architecture in such a way that tumor cells metastasize to other organs.

Rutkowski has been a pioneer in unveiling the surprising relationship between gut health and breast cancer. Her latest work reveals complex interactions between our gut microbes and mast cells in the breast. Mast cells are blood cells which help regulate the bodys immune response to disease and allergens. Rutkowskis new work suggests that the gut microbiome can systemically influence mast cell behavior and function in the presence of tumors.

Rutkowski and her team found that an unhealthy microbiome caused the mast cells to accumulate in the breast. These changes continued after tumor formation in a mouse model of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, making the breast tissue a prime launching ground for the cancers incursions into other parts of the body.

Further, the scientists found that the mast cells increased the amount of collagen in the mices breast tissue and spurred earlier cancer spread. Blocking the process that led to mast-cell accumulation prevented both, significantly reducing tumor spread to the lungs.

Based on their lab results, the researchers examined tissue samples taken from human patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. They found these patients, like the mice, had increased numbers of mast cells and increased deposits of collagen. The numbers of mast cells correlated with the amount of collagen and, notably, the patients risk for a recurrence of breast cancer.

Mast cells have had a controversial role in breast cancer, with some studies identifying a positive correlation with outcome while others have identified negative associations, said Rutkowski, of UVAsDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology. Our investigation suggests that to better define the relationship between mast cells and risk for breast tumor metastasis, we should consider the mast cell functional attributes, tissue collagen density and mast cell location with respect to the tumor.

Ultimately, she says, doctors may be able to target the gut-mast cell relationship in patients with breast cancer to help prevent the cancer from recurring and spreading. They also may be able to use the discovery to identify patients at risk for recurrence, allowing them to tailor the treatment strategy for the prevention of metastatic disease.

Personalized medicine in oncology is a promising approach to facilitate better outcomes for patients, said researcher Tzu-Yu Feng, PhD, the first author of a new scientific paper outlining the findings. Our research on the gut-mast cell axis has identified possible intervention points that could be targeted for a customized approach to therapy. The ultimate goal would be to improve survival for patients diagnosed with breast cancer.

Rutkowskis cutting-edge research is part of UVA Cancer Centers urgent mission to better understand and better treat cancer. UVA is one of only 52 cancer centers in the country to be designated as a Comprehensive Cancer Center by the National Cancer Institute (NCI).The designationrecognizes elite cancer centers with the most outstanding cancer research and treatment programs in the nation.

UVA Cancer Center is the only Comprehensive Cancer Center in Virginia.

Rutkowski and her collaborators have published their findings in the scientific journal Cancer Immunology Research. The research team consisted of Tzu-Yu Feng, Francesca N. Azar, Sally A. Dreger, Claire Buchta Rosean, Mitchell T. McGinty, Audrey M. Putelo, Sree H. Kolli, Maureen A. Carey, Stephanie Greenfield, Wesley J. Fowler, Stephen D. Robinson and Melanie Rutkowski.

The work was supported bySusan G. Komen, grant CCR17483602; the National Institutes of Healths National Cancer Institute, grant R01CA253285; and the American Cancer Society, grant IRG 81-001-26. Additional support came from UVA Cancer Center, the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Gut Microbes and Health, and Cancer Research UK.

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Unhealthy Gut Helps Breast Cancer Spread, Research Reveals - UVA Health Newsroom