Summary: A new blood sample test is capable of measuring the build-up of Alzheimers disease-associated amyloid-beta in the brain.

Source: Hokkaido University

Researchers from Hokkaido University and Toppan have developed a method to detect build-up of amyloid in the brain, a characteristic of Alzheimers disease, from biomarkers in blood samples.

Alzheimers disease is a neurodegenerative disease, characterised by a gradual loss of neurons and synapses in the brain. One of the primary causes of Alzheimers disease is the accumulation of amyloid (A) in the brain, where it forms plaques. Alzheimers disease is mostly seen in individuals over 65 years of age, and cannot currently be stopped or reversed. Thus, Alzheimers disease is a major concern for nations with aging populations, such as Japan.

A team of scientists from Hokkaido University and Toppan, led by Specially Appointed Associate Professor Kohei Yuyama at the Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, have developed a biosensing technology that can detect A-binding exosomes in the blood of mice, which increase as A accumulates in the brain.

Their research was published in the journalAlzheimers Research & Therapy.

When tested on mice models, the A-binding exosome Digital ICATM(idICA) showed that the concentration of A-binding exosomes increased with the increase in age of the mice. This is significant as the mice used were Alzheimers disease model mice, where A builds up in the brain with age.

In addition to the lack of effective treatments of Alzheimers, there are few methods to diagnose Alzheimers. Alzheimers can only be definitively diagnosed by direct examination of the brainwhich can only be done after death. A accumulation in the brain can be measured by cerebrospinal fluid testing or by positron emission tomography; however, the former is an extremely invasive test that cannot be repeated, and the latter is quite expensive. Thus, there is a need for a diagnostic test that is economical, accurate and widely available.

Previous work by Yuyamas group has shown that A build-up in the brain is associated with A-binding exosomes secreted from neurons, which degrade and transport A to the microglial cells of the brain. Exosomes are membrane-enclosed sacs secreted by cells that possess cell markers on their surface.

The team adapted Toppans proprietary Digital Invasive Cleavage Assay (Digital ICATM) to quantify the concentration of A-binding exosomes in as little as 100 L of blood. The device they developed traps molecules and particles in a sample one-by-one in a million micrometer-sized microscopic wells on a measurement chip and detects the presence or absence of fluorescent signals emitted by the cleaving of the A-binding exosomes.

Clinical trials of the technology are currently underway in humans. This highly sensitive idICA technology is the first application of ICA that enables highly sensitive detection of exosomes that retain specific surface molecules from a small amount of blood without the need to learn special techniques; as it is applicable to exosome biomarkers in general, it can also be adapted for use in the diagnosis of other diseases.

Author: Sohail Keegan PintoSource: Hokkaido UniversityContact: Sohail Keegan Pinto Hokkaido UniversityImage: The image is in the public domain

Original Research: Open access.Immuno-digital invasive cleavage assay for analyzing Alzheimers amyloid -bound extracellular vesicles by Kohei Yuyamaet al. Alzheimers Research & Therapy

Abstract

Immuno-digital invasive cleavage assay for analyzing Alzheimers amyloid -bound extracellular vesicles

The protracted preclinical stage of Alzheimers disease (AD) provides the opportunity for early intervention to prevent the disease; however, the lack of minimally invasive and easily detectable biomarkers and their measurement technologies remain unresolved. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membrane vesicles released from a variety of cells and play important roles in cellcell communication. Neuron-derived and ganglioside-enriched EVs capture amyloid- protein, a major AD agent, and transport it into glial cells for degradation; this suggests that EVs influence A accumulation in the brain. EV heterogeneity, however, requires the use of a highly sensitive technique for measuring specific EVs in biofluid. In this study, immuno-digital invasive cleavage assay (idICA) was developed for quantitating target-intact EVs.

EVs were captured onto ganglioside GM1-specific cholera toxin B subunit (CTB)-conjugated magnetic beads and detected with a DNA oligonucleotide-labeled A antibody. Fluorescence signals for individual EVs were then counted using an invasive cleavage assay (ICA). This idICA examines the A-bound and GM1-containing EVs isolated from the culture supernatant of human APP-overexpressing N2a (APP-N2a) cells and APP transgenicmice sera.

The idICA quantitatively detected A-bound and GM1-containing EVs isolated from culture supernatants of APP-N2a cells and sera of AD model mice. The idICA levels of A-associated EVs in blood gradually increased from 3- to 12-month-old mice, corresponding to the progression of A accumulations in the brain of AD model mice.

The present findings suggest that peripheral EVs harboring A and GM1 reflect A burden in mice. The idICA is a valuable tool for easy quantitative detection of EVs as an accessible biomarker for preclinical AD diagnosis.

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