Every year in October, the Nobel Committee recognises and awards individualsor organisations for their contributions in specific fields. Fields considered for the awards includephysiology or medicine, physics, chemistry, literature, peace work, and economic science.

The Nobel Prize is given to people who "have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind" bya foundation established by Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel inhis will, read in Stockholm on 30 December 1896.

The Nobel Prizes and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel have been awarded 609 times to 975 people and organisations between the years 1901 and 2021. Atotal of 943 individuals and 25 organisationsare awarded as some have receivedthe Nobel Prize more than once.

Nobel Peace Prize 2021

Maria Ressa continues to expose abuse of power, use of violence, and growing authoritarianism in her native country, the Philippines by using freedom of expression. On the other hand, for several decades, Dmitry Andreyevich Muratov has defended freedom of speechin Russia amid challenging conditions.

Nobel Prize in Literature 2021

Gurnah is known for hisnovels and a number of short stories that arethemed around the disruption of refugees

Nobel Prize in Physics 2021

Syukuro Manabe,thefirst person to explore the interaction between radiation balance and the vertical transport of air masses,discovered theories to help makeclimate models that assist in detecting weather patterns.

Klaus Hasselmann's methods have proven that global warming is a result of human emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, andGiorgio Parisi'sdiscoveries makemany different and apparently entirely random phenomena understandable. Their application is not only limited to physics and extends toother fieldsincludingmathematics, biology, neuroscience, and machine learning.

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021

List and MacMillan have been recognised for their contribution in making molecular construction easier by inventing a tool that helps in catalysis for producing asymmetric molecules.

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021

Julius and Patapotian's breakthrough discoveries launched intense research activities leading to a rapid increase in the understanding of how the humannervous system senses heat, cold, and mechanical stimuli.

Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences

The three laureates havenew insights about the labour market and have shown what conclusions about cause and effect can be drawn from natural experiments. Their approach has spread to other fields and has revolutionised empirical research.

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Nobel Prize winners 2021: Here's the complete list of awardees and their contributions - Republic World